James Monroe’s Presidency

1. James Monroe’s Presidency

2. JAMES MONROE 1817 TO 1825 • UP CLOSE AND PERSONAL • Born in Virginia in 1758 • Attended the College of William and Mary • Fought with Continental Army • Practiced law in Virginia • Elected United States Senator • Helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase • Elected President in 1816 and served from 1817 to 1825 • Era of Good Feelings President James Monroe

3. ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS • Cultural Nationalism • Patriotic themes infused every aspect of American society from books and paintings of Revolutionary heroes to Noah Webster’s blue-backed speller that promoted patriotism • Economic Nationalism • Running parallel with cultural nationalism was a political movement to support the growth of the nation’s economy--------AMERICAN SYSTEM • Political Nationalism • Movement to bring about the support for national government over the states. Supreme court decisions support the concept of national government over the states.

4. Supreme Court Cases • McCulluch v. Maryland • Maryland attempted to place a tax on the Federal Bank; Supreme Court ruled that States could not interfere with Federal Institutions. • Dartmouth College v. Woodward • Between Dartmouth College and New Hampshire. Court ruled that the charter of the college was a private contract, and that NH could not change it. • Gibbons v. Ogden • NY tried to give a monopoly to a company for carrying passengers on the Hudson. Since the ferries stopped in NJ as well, this fell under interstate commerce so only the Federal Government could regulate it.

5. Supreme Court Cases • Summary: • In a Federal System, power is not created; it is transferred. These three court cases transferred power from the States, and put them under Federal Control. • Result? • Federal government became stronger while State governments lost their power.

6. Westward Expansion • A series of treaties were signed in order to ensure the expansion of the United States:

7. Rush-Bagot Agreement • Treaty with Great Britain • Shared Oregon Territory for 10 years • Set the northern limits of the Louisiana Territory at the 49th parallel • US agreed to cede land above 49th parallel • GB agreed to cede land below 49th parallel

8. 49th Parallel Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1818 with Great Britain Agreed to joint occupation

9. Westward Expansion • Florida Becomes Part of US • After War of 1812, Spain had difficulty governing Florida • Seminole Indians, runaway slaves, and white outlaws would conduct raids and then retreat to safety across the Florida border • President Monroe commissioned General Andrew Jackson to stop the raiders • Jackson led a force into Florida, destroyed Seminole villages, and hanged 2 Seminole chiefs • Jackson captured Pensacola and drove out the Spanish governor

11. Westward Expansion • Adams-Onis Treaty (1818) • Spain: • Turned over western Florida along with all to the east • Gave up claims in the Oregon Territory to the U.S. • US agreed • to pay $5 million to Spain • to give up any territorial claims to Texas

12. 49th Parallel Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 with Spain Texas

13. Rush-Bagot 1818

14. New Latin American countries were formed from successful revolutions.

15. monroe doctrine MONROE DOCTRINE • Monroe felt that he had to respond to the threat that European countries might try to win back their former Latin American colonies. • Thus, Monroe proclaimed the fundamental policy that bears his name, Monroe Doctrine. • Monroe told Europe: You stay out of the West, and we’ll stay out of your squabbles. • The doctrine also claimed America’s right to intervene anywhere in its own hemisphere, if it felt its security was threatened • This was a policy of mutual noninterference

16. Western Hemisphere or the Americas.

17. No European country tried to intercede in the Americas following the Monroe Doctrine, so it appeared to work. • In reality, no one was afraid of the American military; Spain, France and others stayed out of the Western Hemisphere because the powerful British navy made sure they did.

18. MONROE DOCTRINE • Referred to as America’s Self Defense Doctrine. • It is a continuation of President Washington’s neutrality and isolationist policies. • Past problems with Europe led the US to declare the Americas off-limits to Europe US protector of new democracies in the Western Hemisphere No European Colonization in the Americas US recognized existing European Colonies Monroe Doctrine US will stay out of European affairs

20. ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS 1817 TO 1825 american system • Spirit of Nationalism in US • patriotism or national oneness • Country is united, confident, and growing • 1791-1819, 9 states joined the original 13. • One political party---Republican party • Respect from Europe • Monroe first president to visit all states. • Boston newspaper declared an “Era of Good Feelings” had began. • But, time period was not free of problems.

21. ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS Not so good in the era of good feelings? • There was an economic depression • The country was dividing into three parts • Issue of slavery threatened the nation

22. ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS The Panic of 1819 • Largely the fault of the Second Bank of the United States,’ it did not give out as much loans as before (tightened credit in an effort to control inflation) • Many state banks closed • There were large increases in unemployment, bankruptcies, and imprisonment for debt • Depression was most severe in the West

23. SECTIONALISM U.S. was becoming divided into 3 separate sections with each trying to promote their self-interest. • SOUTH • Cotton-growingJohn C. Calhoun • _______________ • Opposed tariffs and government spending on American System • Increasingly supportive of states’ rights • Pro-slavery and opposed any steps of the U.S. Govt. to try and abolish it. • NORTHEAST • Business and ManufacturingDaniel Webster_______________ • Wanted Tariffs • Backed internal improvements • End to cheap public land • Increasingly nationalistic • Against Slavery and believed the U.S. Govt. must abolish it. • WEST • Frontier agricultureHenry Clay • ______________ • Supported internal improvements and American System. • Wanted cheap land • Loyal to the U.S. Govt. • Against slavery but some supported letting the people decide the slavery issue EconomyLeader ____________ Role ofGovernment

24. SECTIONAL DIFFERENCES • NORTHEAST • Business and ManufacturingDaniel Webster____________ • Wanted Tariffs • Backed internal improvements • Wanted end to cheap public land • Increasingly nationalistic • Against Slavery and believed the U.S. Govt. must abolish it. EconomyLeader __________ Role ofGovernment

25. SECTIONAL DIFFERENCES • SOUTH • Cotton growing • John C. Calhoun • ____________ • Opposed tariffs and government spending on American System • Increasingly supportive of states’ rights • Pro-slavery and opposed any steps of the U.S. Govt. to try and abolish it. EconomyLeader __________ Role ofGovernment

26. SECTIONAL DIFFERENCES • WEST • Frontier agriculture • Henry Clay • _____________ • Supported internal improvements • Wanted cheap land • Loyal to the U.S. Govt. • Against slavery but some supported letting the people decide the slavery issue EconomyLeader __________ Role ofGovernment

27. The new period of expansion also resulted in a national debate over slavery • In 1820, the Union consisted of 22 states • 11 allowed slavery, 11 prohibited it • When Missouri applied for statehood, it threatened the balance of power between the slave & non-slave states

28. MISSOURI COMPROMISE After months of heated debate in Congress, Henry Clay won majority support for 3 bills that represented a compromise

29. The Missouri Compromise was created to appease both sides • (1) Admit Missouri as a slave state • (2) Carve off a piece of Massachusetts, called it Maine, & admitted Maine as a free state • (3) Establish the southern border of Missouri as the northernmost point in which slavery would then be allowed in the western territories of the US

30. The compromise was the first in a series of measures forestalling the Civil War. It also split the powerful Democratic-Republican coalition, ending its 20-year control of national politics