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Anonymity: Defining, Threats, and Mechanisms

Explore the concept of anonymity, its relationship to privacy, the need for anonymity, threats to anonymity and privacy, and various mechanisms to provide anonymity. Discuss applications of anonymity technology.

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Anonymity: Defining, Threats, and Mechanisms

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  1. Anonymity - Background • Prof. Newman, instructor • CSE-E346 • 352-505-1579 (don’t leave message) • Office Hours (tentative): 10-noon TR • nemo@cise.ufl.edu - subject: Anon ...

  2. Topics • Defining anonymity • Defining privacy • Need for anonymity • Threats to anonymity and privacy • Mechanisms to provide anonymity • Applications of anonymity technology

  3. Reading • Read Pfitzman & Waidner • Read Chaum Mix paper • Start discussion of these Friday • Reading list (approximate) on web page

  4. Anonymity - Beginnings • Early (pre-computer) uses for social reasons (ability to act more freely, have work accepted without prejudice, etc.) • Traffic analysis an issue prior to computers (e.g., Bodyguard of Lies) • Computer TAP solvable with cryptography • With public-key cryptography, theoretical possibility for anonymity and pseudonymity

  5. Exercise • Take 2 minutes to think about anonymity. • Answer these questions in writing: • What is anonymity? • How is it related to privacy? • Give examples of need for anonymity (aiming at volume here) • Get into groups of 2-3 and share your answers • Try to arrive at a joint definition or agree to disagree • Add to your list of examples • Share your responses with the class

  6. What is Anonymity • Literally, lacking a name (a + onyma) • Unidentifiability • Inability to attribute artifact or actions • Related to privacy - how?

  7. Topics • Defining anonymity • Defining privacy • Need for anonymity • Threats to anonymity and privacy • Mechanisms to provide anonymity • Applications of anonymity technology

  8. Exercise • Take a minute or two to define privacy • Share with your neighbor(s) • Share with the class

  9. What is Privacy? • Ability of an entity to control its own space • Physical space • Bodily space • Data space • Communication space • What else?

  10. Exercise • What are examples of privacy in these spaces? • Physical space • Bodily space • Data space • Communication space • What other spaces can you think of?

  11. Privacy Spaces • Physical space: • invasion, paparazzi, location (GPS) • Bodily space: • medical consent, battery • Data space: • identity, activity, status, records • Communication space: • email, Internet privacy, correspondents, phone #, address, stalking, harassment • Overlap in spaces (e.g., location)

  12. Topics • Defining anonymity • Defining privacy • Need for anonymity • Threats to anonymity and privacy • Mechanisms to provide anonymity • Applications of anonymity technology

  13. Need for Privacy/Anonymity • Planning/execution in competition • Fundamental right – voting, celebrities • Philosophical necessity (free will) • Restarting when past can cripple • Statutory requirements (HIPAA, FISMA) • Liability issues – data release • Freedom/survival in repressive environments • Increasing pressure from technologies

  14. Privacy/Anonymity Threats • Available surveillance technology • Identification technology • Increasing use of databases • Data mining • Identity theft • Increasing requirements for I&A • Increasing governmental desire for surveillance

  15. Surveillance Facts • 1.5 million CCTV cameras installed in UK post 911 – Londoner on camera ~300 times a day http://epic.org/privacy/surveillance/ • Face recognition software used in Tampa for Superbowl • 5000 public surveillance cameras known in DC • Home and work zipcodes give identity in 5% of cases in US http://33bits.org/tag/anonymity/

  16. Homework • Count number of video cameras you encounter all day for one day. • Record locations, submit when Canvas up. • Tally total, share total with class Friday.

  17. Data Reidentification • Even ”scrubbed” data can be re-identified • Characteristics within the data (e.g., word usage in documents) • Intersection attacks on k-anonymized database set releases • Use of known outside data in combination with released data • Data mining – higher dimensional space gives greater specificity!

  18. Exercise • What are legitmate limitations on anonymity? • Write down 1-2 of these • Share with neighbor • Share with class

  19. Limitations on Anonymity • Accountability • Legal/criminal issues • Social expectations • Competing need for trust • Others?

  20. Forms of Anonymity • Traffic Analysis Prevention • Sender, Recipient, Message Anonymity • Voter Anonymity • Pseudonymity • Revokable anonymity • Data anonymity

  21. Anonymity Mechanisms • Cryptography • Steganography • Traffic Analysis Prevention (TAP) • Mixes, crowds • Data sanitization/scrubbing • k-anonymity

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