H. Rothkaehl 1 B. Thide 2 ,Bergman 2, Z. Kłos 1

1. RF radio spectrometer on board COMPASS satellite and ground-based LOIS radar facility as a challenging diagnostic of space plasma H. Rothkaehl1 B. Thide2,Bergman2, Z. Kłos 1 1. Space Research Center, PAS Bartycka 18 A 01-716 Warsaw, Poland, 2. Swedish Institute of Space Physics, P.O. Box 537, SE-752 21 UppsalaSweden

2. The magnetised plasma of solar-terrestrial environment is non-linear medium in which different type of turbulence and instabilities can be produced by a source of free energy in the form of natural and antropogenic perturbation. To understand the property of solar terrestrial environment and to develop a quantitative model of the magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere subsystem, which is strongly coupled via the electric field, particle precipitation, heat flows and small scale interaction, it is necessary to design and build new generation multipoint and different type sensor diagnostics. • Ground based multi frequency and multi polarization LOIS clusters antennas and multi point space born plasma diagnostics should be helpful in achieving to solve problems of space physics and described long term environmental changes. The new design radio spectrometer on board COMPASS satellite was designed to investigate the still largely unknown mechanisms which govern these turbulent interactions natural and man-made origin. Future simultaneously investigation and monitoring of Earth environment by the LOIS facility will be coordinated with space borne low orbiting experiment. • The aim of this presentation is to show the general architecture of COMPASSand LOISexperiment and its scientific challenges. The real-time access to gathered data will create the possibility to improve quality of service of traditional ionospheric as well as trans-ionospheric systems. It will be emphasize the description of electromagnetic property of near Earth environments in HF range as well.

3. COMPASS 2 The microsatellite COMPASS, weighting 85 kg, is planned to launch to the circular orbit with height 400 km and inclination 79 degrees for development of the methods of monitoring and forecasting of natural disasters on the base of coordinated monitoring at the Earth and from space the pre-earthquake phenomena. January – February 2006

4. COMPASS 2

5. The investigations should focus on the following main topics: ◄understand the consequence of human activity in the nearest space and describe tendency of global changes in the ionosphere-magnetosphere system, ◄diagnosed the turbunecle in ionospheric plasma ◄ select the artificial and natural noises detected in the ionosphere, ◄ study the interaction between the satellite body and surrounding plasma, RFA in situ diagnose

6. Digital radio receiver block diagram RFA COMPASS 2

7. By providing a software configurable sensor andemitter infrastructure distributed in southernSweden with Växjö as hub, LOIS will enhancethe atmospheric and space physics capabilitiesof the huge, new-generation digital radio telescope LOFAR (Low Frequency Array), currently being built in the Netherlands.LOIS is a large radio telescope array that will operate in the 10-240 MHz frequency range. Its 13,000 dipole antennas will be clustered in roughly100 stations spread over a region 400 km across. Test station operated in Vaxjo

8. The LOISproject concerns the generation, transport, management and processing of sensor data at extremely high rates (many Terabits/s) over large regions (thousands of kilometres). LOIS will apply novel three-dimensional radio techniques originally developed in quantum optics, which require excellent sensor timing (picoseconds) and positioning (centimetres). The optimum sensor infrastructure hardware and software for space and Earth observations will be sought.

9. SPACE WEATHER APPLIKATIONSSOLAR RADAR • The level of electromagnetic emission detected at the ionospheric altitude depends on the sun activities and on the property of near Earth plasma environment as well. • On the other the Earth ionosphere undergoes various man-made influences. The most important power sources are broadcasting transmitters, power stations, power lines and heavy industry. Electromagnetic waves permanently pumped to the ionosphere by the system of broadcasting stations can disturb the nearest space environment. • The observed broadband emissions in the topside ionosphere are a superposition of natural plasma emissions and man-made noises. The controlled injection of powerful HF radio waves from purpose-built groundbased radio facilities into the ionospheric plasma has constituted an excellent tool to study systematically the near-Earth space environment and its responses to external and internal influences as well as the physical principles that underpin the processes in question. In this context correlated LOIS ground-based heating and overhead satellite COMPAS 2measurements are still needed for better understanding of these processes.

10. The global distribution of mean value of the electromagnetic emission in the ionosphere in the frequency range 0.1-15 MHz from March to June 1994, recorded by SORS-1 instrument on board the Coronas_I satellite. The characteristic increase of emission over Euroasia is visible. The resolution is 5x5 deg; the units are DB/μV

11. Frozen HF emissions Turbulence near plasmopause HF radio emission at frequencies larger than the local upper hybrid limit. This broad band emission is mainly detected very close to the plasmapause, inside the plasmasphere but also exists inside the trough up to the auroral oval. Low frequency radiationexcited by the wave-particle interaction in the equatorial plasmapause,moves to the ionosphere along the geomagnetic field line. At the ionosphere the subthermal electron can interact with those electrostatic waves and excite electron acoustic waves or the HF longitudinal plasma waves.

12. 455 80.00 DB 27.00 60.00 26.00 25.00 40.00 24.00 20.00 23.00 0.00 22.00 21.00 -20.00 20.00 -40.00 19.00 -60.00 18.00 17.00 -80.00 -150.00 -100.00 -50.00 0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 16.00 0-2 MHz max 171 E, 17 S normal grid mall45500 26.00 24.00 50.00 22.00 20.00 18.00 16.00 0.00 14.00 12.00 10.00 8.00 -50.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 -150.00 -100.00 -50.00 0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 0-4 MHZ normal all45500 HF diagnostic Earthquake 22 40 52 UT 171-170 long, -17 lat -180 long, -22 lat Global distribution of HF emission in the ionosphere in the frequency range 0.1-2. MHz. The spectral intensity was integrated at various times of day and night 30.03.1994 during quiet condition and recorded by SORS-1 instrument on board the Coronas-I satellite. The resolution is 5x5 deg; the units are DB/μV. The epicentre of the earthquake is marked by the blue arrow as the position of maximum HF wave activity by the green arrow. 150 E, 26 S 20.00 50.00 19.00 18.00 17.00 16.00 0.00 15.00 14.00 13.00 12.00 -50.00 11.00 10.00 -150.00 -100.00 -50.00 0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00

13. LOIS/LOFAR can help with • Study the cosmos from Earth in the hitherto unexplored lowest frequency band (the long wavelength limit) • Intercept and analyse radio signals, emitted shortly after the Big Bang from the original hydrogen atoms in order to test theories about the birth of the universe • Study the solar atmosphere in order to be able to give better forecasts of solar particle storms which may damage technical and biological systems • Study the „electrosmog” from radio, TV, and radar transmitters and its infl uence on the Earth’s near-space environment • Correct satellite navigation errors caused by plasma perturbations in the Earth’s ionosphere •Study the interaction of ultra-fast cosmic particles and the atmosphere, and the ionisationand electromagnetic radiation caused by it

14. LOIS/LOFAR can help with • Exploit the full information contained in the electromagnetic vector field of radio waves, in order to make optimal use of the radio spectrum in research and wireless communications • Study communication concepts combining ground-based radio technologies, satellite communications and fast fibre networks in a realistic, large-scale environment • Use Cosmos–Nature’s own radio laboratory–to search for new properties of electromagnetic radiation • Effectively collect, distribute and analyse gigantic amounts of data in real time within the new computer network concept „GRID”’