KEY CONCEPT All cells need chemical energy. Cell Energy = ATP ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate

1. KEY CONCEPT All cells need chemical energy.Cell Energy = ATPATP = Adenosine Triphosphate

3. adenosine triphosphate tri=3 adenosine diphosphate di=2 • ATP transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell functions. • Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed. • ADP – adenosine diphosphate • ADP is changed into ATP when a phosphate group is added.

4. Starch molecule Glucose molecule Molecules in food store chemical energy in their bonds.

5. Fats store the most energy. • 80 percent of the energy in your body • about 146 ATP from a triglyceride • Proteins are least likely to be broken down to make ATP.

6. Autotroph - manufacture own food • most use photosynthesis • converts sunlight into chemical E • chemical E is stored in the form of sugars Heterotrophs – rely on other sources for E

7. A few autotrophs do not need sunlight and photosynthesis as a source of energy. • live in places that never get sunlight. • Chemosynthesis • uses chemical E (S) instead of light E to make food • Chemosynthetic bacteria – hydrothermal vents

9. 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis Photosynthetic organisms are autotrophs =producers • Photosynthesis captures E from sunlight to make food – sugar • Glucose • All sugars end in -ose • 2 phases of photosynthesis • light-dependent reactions • light-independent reactions

11. 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis Light and Pigments 1. visible spectrum – wavelengths the human eye can see 2. different colors have different wavelengths 3. Pigment - absorb specific wavelengths of light crest I------------------I wavelength Trough

13. 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplast Chloroplast contains pigments to capture light • Chlorophyll reflects green light & absorb all others • Carotenoids – reflect orange light & … • Anthocyanine – reflect purples and red light & …

15. 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis • Takes place in the grana (thylakoids) • water and sunlight are needed • chlorophyll absorbs E from sunlight • water molecules are split – Photolysis – H2O  H + O • E and hydrogen ions are passed on to the light-independent reactions • oxygen is released as waste The light-dependent reactions

16. 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis The light-independent reactions • Takes place in the Stroma – space between • needs carbon dioxide from atmosphere • Calvin cycle - Carbon fixation • use E from light dependent reaction to build a 6 carbon chain of sugar (glucose) • C6H12O6

17. 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis • Sugar is then transported to the roots, stems, and fruits of the plants • sugar can be used, or stored as starch, and some is built into cellulose • We obtain E from plants by eating the stored sugar

18. granum (stack of thylakoids) 1 chloroplast sunlight 6H2O 6O2 2 energy thylakoid stroma (fluid outside the thylakoids) 6CO2 1 six-carbon sugar C6H12O6 3 4 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis • The equation for the overall process is: 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2

20. Light Dependent Light Independent

22. 4.5 Cellular Respiration in Detail Glycolysis - splits glucose into two molecules of pyruvate (pyruvic acid) • C-C-C-C-C-C  C-C-C + C-C-C • Produces some ATP molecules • Takes place in cytoplasm

23. Aerobic Anaerobic Respiration

24. Aerobic Respiration Two steps • Krebs Cycle

25. 4.4 Overview of Cell Respiration 1 ATP mitochondrion matrix (area enclosed by inner membrane) and 6CO 2 energy 2 3 energy from glycolysis ATP inner membrane and and 6H O 6O 2 2 4 Aerobic Respiration • The Krebs cycle • takes place inmitochondrial matrix • breaks down pyruvic acid Krebs Cycle • makes a small amount of ATP • releases carbon dioxide

26. 4.5 Cellular Respiration in Detail • Aerobic Respiration • 2. The Electron Transport Chain • takes place on the cristae • Makes a large amount of ATP • Water is released as a waste product

27. 4.4 Overview of Cell Respiration • The equation for the overall process is: C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O • The reactants in photosynthesis are the same as the products of cellular respiration.

28. 4.6 Fermentation KEY CONCEPT Fermentation allows the production of a small amount of ATP without oxygen - Anaerobic

29. 4.6 Fermentation • Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells. • glycolysis  two pyruvate molecules • converts pyruvate into lactic acid • Muscle pain and weakness

30. 4.6 Fermentation Fermentation and its products are important in several ways. • Fermentation is used in food production. • Alcoholic fermentation • energy is used to split pyruvate into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide • Yogurt, cheese, bread

31. 4.6 Fermentation • Fermentation is used in food production. • yogurt • cheese • bread

32. CO2

34. Extra Credit • Create an alphabet picture book for middle school kids with ideas relating to cell biology • Due: Monday Oct 22nd