Mining Safety : Challenges and Opportunities

1. WELCOME TO ALL ATTENDEES IN THE HALL FOR AN ADDRESS ON Mining Safety: Challenges and Opportunities Dinesh Srivastava Jayaswal Neco Industries Ltd

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3. ॐ सर्वे भवन्तु सुखिनःसर्वे सन्तु निरामयाः ।सर्वे भद्राणि पश्यन्तुमा कश्चिद्दुःखभाग्भवेत् ।ॐ शान्तिः शान्तिः शान्तिः ॥ Sarve bhadrani pashyantu, ma kascit dukha bhaga bhavet May all be happy, may all be free from disease May all have well-being and none have misery of any kind. [Brihadaaranyaka Upanishad 1.4.14]

4. Earliest Pre-Harappan Mining History. • Modern Mining era of Coal extraction started in 1774. • Only seven minerals were mined in the beginning of 20th Century. • Political Independence provided real boost to the growth of mining. • 22 Minerals were mined in 1950 valued at Rs. 70 cr.

5. 84 major, 23 minor & 3 atomic minerals are mined now. • Rs 2.10 lakh Cr worth value of minerals produced in 2011-12 • Accounts for 2.6% of the country’s GDP • Accounts for 68.22% fuel minerals, 11.94% metallic,11.85% non-metallic including minor minerals at a total value of mineral production

6. India’s share to world’s MineralProd • 1st in Mica. • 2nd in Chromite. • 3rd in Coal & Lignite. • 4th in Iron Ore. • 6th in Bauxite. • 8th in Manganese Ore. • 10th in Al • 11th in crude steel. • 4th in mineral prod in world

7. INTRODUCTION • History of mining in India is marred with sporadic occurrence of accidents involving a large number of fatalities. • Despite rapid advancement in technology and management, accidents in mines due to fall of roof and sides, rope haulages, wheeled trackless transportation machinery, fire, explosion, inundation, etc have been occurring now and then.

8. What does safety mean ? -The condition of being protected from or unlikely to cause danger, risk, or injury: "they should leave for their own safety". -Denoting something designed to prevent injury or damage: "a safety barrier"; "a safety helmet".

9. Accident ? • Conventionally, any mishap in which one or more persons are killed or injured constitutes an accident. Accident may be defined as an unexpected event causing loss of life or bodily injury • The Mines Act does not define an accident. Section 23 is simply titled as Notice to be given of accidents, but makes no attempt to define an accident.

10. Three elements of causation of accident Environment ACCIDENT System & equipment Individual

11. A tablet found in Portugal describes what must be the first Support rules: • “The roof is to be supported by leaving pillars or the use of props. It is forbidden to damage the pillars or remove the prop. • In 1510 Agricola advised on support and ventilation, the main concern being safety rather than profit

12. Till about 1930 it was believed that physical conditions were the cause of most of the accidents. • Therefore corrective action was taken which showed good results. There was substantial reduction in the number of accidents

13. But In 1931 HW Heinrich propounded a theory that unsafe acts of people cause more accidents than unsafe conditions • He analyzed a large number of accidents and concluded that 98% of accidents were caused by hazardous conditions or dangerous acts and these could be prevented.

14. Only 2% of the accidents were caused by the act of nature or GOD and were unpreventable. • Out of 98% of preventable accidents 88% were caused by unsafe acts of men and only 10% were due to unsafe physical or mechanical conditions

15. The unsafe acts of men and unsafe mechanical and physical conditions is demonstrated by game of Domino and is demonstrated by oblong pieces of wood called dominoes. These are placed in a row in a manner that the fall of the first causes the fall of the entire row. But if any of the middle dominoes are removed the series is interrupted.

16. Dominoes sequence Injury Accident Fall of person Ancestry school environment Unsafe act/condition 1 2 3 4 5 The Five Factors in accident sequence

17. Dominoes sequence Injury is caused by the action of preceding factors

18. Dominoes sequence Removal of the central factor makes the action of preceding factor in effective

19. Five factors in injury sequence: • Ancestry and social environment • (undesirable traits of characters inherited/acquired from social environment) • Fault of person • (undesirable traits lead to faults of person) • Unsafe act and/or physical or mechanical hazards • (fault of person is responsible for unsafe acts/ the existing hazard) • Accident • (unsafe acts/conditions lead to accident) • Injury • (accidents lead to injury)

20. Safety and mines • Mine safety connotes the condition of being safe from hazards like: • Which cause or could cause bodily injury • This constitute mine accident • Which are injurious to health • This causes occupational hazards • -Accidents can be recognized easily and immediatelyWhile occupational hazards develop slowly till worker is aware and loses bodily function

21. International experience shows that more people are killed or are disabled by occupational dieses of mining than accident YET THE ACCIDENTS IN MINES RECEIVE THE SPOT LIGHT OF CONCERN WHILE THE SILENT KILLER AND OTHER ACCIDENTS GO UNNOTICED

22. Fatalities on Road • Nation wise road accidents in India are 390 per day • In 2012 17 lives were lost/hour as against 15 live in 2010 • 1.42 lakh people died in 2011 • 1.34 lakh people died in 2010 • 1.26 lakh people died in 2009 • 1.20 lakh people died in 2008 • 1.14 lakh people died in 2007

23. ACCIDENT IN MINES The term accident has been derived from the Latin word ‘Accidere’ which means ‘fall of an object’. Any falling object which causes damage to the men and machine is categorized as accident.

24. The Mines Act says: Whenever there occurs in or about a mine an accident causing loss of life or serious bodily injury, or an explosion, spontaneous heating, outbreak of fire, inrush of water or gas, premature collapse of any part of the workings, over-winding of cages, etc a notice has to be given immediately in the prescribed form to the prescribed authorities. (Even if there is no loss of life or injury, they are deemed to be accidents.)

25. Types of accidents • Disaster: mine accidents having high risk and potential to inflict heavy fatality simultaneously damaging mining conditions and occurrence of 10 or more fatalities. • Major accidents: involving fatalities more than 3 but less than 10 • Fatal accidents': resulting in fatalities up to three persons

26. Serious: an accident describing ‘seriously bodily injury” means any injury which involves or in all probability will involve permanent loss of any part of body or injury to sight or hearing or any physical incapacity or the fracture. • Reportable: means any injury other than a serious bodily injury which involves or in all possibility will involve the enforced absence of the injured for more than 72 hours. • Minor: means a minor injury resulting in absence for more than 24 Hrs.

27. Measurement of safety • Safety can not be quantified • Absence of accident is no safety • Accident statistics are the only yard stick to judge safety • International practice to express accident rates is in relation to exposure i.e.: • Death/injury rate on the basis of • One million man hour worked • One lakh man shifts worked • One thousand person employed

28. In India the frequency rate is calculated on one lakh man shifts worked or 1000 persons employed • To calculate frequency rate per mill of production is also sometimes adopted but it does not reflect the real trend

29. ACCIDENTS • Fatal accidents in Coal mines (in India) in last 112 years (Since 1900) are 7933 no’s average coming to 181 per year • Fatalities in China in coal mines in • 2011 1973 • 2012 1384 • Around 7000 deaths recorded a decade ago • May 12 2013 – 40 fatalities in two mines • May 11 2013 – 22 fatalities • Mar 13 2013 – 21 fatalities • Jan 30 2013 – 12 fatalities • Nov 24 2012 – 17 fatalities • Nov 12 2011 – 20 fatalities • 20 trapped in a pit in Meghalaya since July 6

30. On an average 250 persons are killed in mine accidents every year. Out of these 180 are killed in coal and 70 are killed in metal mines. The number of persons receiving serious bodily injury is about 1100 per year. Out of these 800 are injured in coal and about 300 in metal mines. Place wise analysis of accidents in coal mines

31. Three production/safety era in Indian coal history are considered important: • Pre independence era • 1900 to1950 • Post dependence pre nationalization • 1850 to 1970 • Post nationalization era • 1970 to till date

32. The relation ship between production and safety can be related in three eras • Production and no or little safety • Safety and little production • Safety and production go together • sharp decline in fatality rate over a period of 100 years: • Drop in fatality rate from a peak of 1.29 per 1000 persons in 1911 to 1920 deployed to 0.22 in 2011-12 mainly because of: • Share of u/g production dropped from 86.32% in 1951 to 9.35% in 2011-12 • Share of o/c production increased from 13.68% in 1951 to 90.61% in 2011-12 • At the time of nationalization heavy influx of person took place

33. No of fatalities in Indian Coal mines AV/YR 1901 to 1950 (50 yrs) 9880 197.6 1951 to 1970 (20 yrs) 5550 277.5 1970 to 2012 (42 yrs) 7833 186.5 Total 112 yrs 23263 207.7 Since last two years fatal accidents are all time low 112 in 2011,116 in 2012. Total no of accidents across coal, metal and oil mines has decreased more than half from 1358 in 2005 to 591 In 2012. T/mines- 566(Coal), -2500(metal), oil-29

34. There are 566 coal mines out of this 360 are u/g and 130 o/c while rest 76 are mixed mines Out of around 5 lakh of workers 20% are deployed in o/c producing 85% production while 80% worker deployed in u/g produce only 15% production This means more persons are exposed to danger in u/g.

36. Safety perception o/c vs u/g mines It is generally perceived that o/c mines are safer than u/g. But if we calculate accident rate on mill ton and per mill man shift basis we fine this perception may not be true. For the period between 1989 to 1997 (CIL) Based on production (mill t) accident rate is 1.236, 0.144, and 0.102 respectively for u/g, o/c and surface accidents. For a fixed amount of production accidents in u/g are 8.5 times more frequent than o/c.

37. Based on million man shift accident rate is 0.687, 0.579 and 0.160 respectively for u/g, o/c and surface. For fixed mill man shifts accidents in u/g and o/c are comparable. For pooled data of all companies in CIL for the period for all types of accident combined the rate is 0.526 based on mill ton is comparable to 0.822 if based on per million man shift. On mill ton basis NEC, BCCL, ECL and CCL are more accident prone On mill man shift basis BCCL, MCL and NEC are more accident prone

38. Trend in accidents (Six Years) A- Accidents, K- Killed

39. FATAL ACCIDENTS AND FATALITIES Accident and death rates are per ‘000 persons deployed

40. Accident statistics 1951 to 2008 (58 years)

41. Cause wise analysis of accidents in u/g for 6 years

42. Cause wise % of accidents in o/c for 6 years

43. Cause wise period wise no of disaster

44. Cause wise wise no of disaster per year Inundation

45. ACCIDENT COST Direct Costs • TO EMPLOYER • Medical Treatment • Compensation • Pension • First Aid • Loss of Production • Plant Damage. • TO EMPLOYEE • Decreased Income • Financial Loss attributable to decreased income. • Loss of Earning Power

46. Indirect cost • TO EMPLOYEE • Personal Pain & mental concern • Inability to enjoy normal relations • Problem in family life • Loss of morale • Economic loss to the family • Loss of time of fellow workmen • TO EMPLOYER • Loss of Employee’s skill • Loss of production • Accident Enquiries & Reports • Labour unrest • Damage to m/c • Loss of time • Spoiled job • Breaking in new men

47. After analyzing every thing question is what do we do to reduce accidents? Fatal accident is worst form of accident as well occupational dieses so: We need to evolve a strategy at first hand to provide condition for Minimum accident potential (MAP) in a mine. And finally to map out to achieve Zero Accident Potential (ZAP). (This recommendation was made by Fourth conference of Mines safety held in Dec’1978)

48. Challenges and opportunities Environment Opportunity Challenge • Challenges and opportunities are complementary and supplementary to each other • Each follow the other • Are two sides of the same coin

49. Challenge/Opportunities Since 88% accidents are due to act of men – it can be corrected by: (Correct men) Education Training Provide good living conditions Control of physical/mechanical hazards Strengthen VTC Use of protective wears* Follow safety rules Avoid unsafe act keep away from moving machine

50. SAFETY IS MY RESPONSIBILITY “SAFETY IS MY RESPONDBILITY” nation wide campaign was launched on 4/5 July’2013 in the inaugural function of 11th safety conference in mine. Each mine worker to carry a card containing 10 important questions reminding employees to ask before the start of work in mine. If no he should take up with his senior supervisor