Examinations in neurosurgery

1. Examinations in neurosurgery

2. Radiographyis the study of X-rays or gamma ray-exposed film and is used to study internal organ structure. • Fluoroscopyis used to demonstrate the motion of organs when used with contrast medium.

3. Contrast Media • Radiopaque substances that facilitate roentnen imaging of the internal structures • Barium • Iodine • Clients with a history of allergies to any foods or drugs (particularly fish or iodine) may be predisposed to allergic reactions to contrast media.

5. Digital flourograph "Renex Flouro" •   It is intended for mass preventive examination of population to identify tuberculosis, oncological and other lung diseases on the early stages of their development.  "Renex Flouro" occupies a leading position in its class supported by the up-to-date developments and high-tech production quality of all its components.  "Renex Flouro" consists of high frequency generator of the accumulating type that allows hooking up common electricity supply. •   The unit provides for: • · Higher diagnostic value of the image obtained; • · Settle the examination problem of large population numbers; • · Reduce by over a factor of 5 radiation exposure of patients; • · Provide with the possibility to diagnose directly during the examination; • · Hook up common electricity supply 220V 50 hertz; • · Avoid expenditure for films and processing. Reliable and compact file keeping; • · Provide work capacity with the centralized remote archives.

6. Digital radiodiagnostic system with rotary table-stand KRDC-T20/T2000 RENEX · RENEX-T20 remote-control diagnostic table-stand with the all-purposed support options of application (X-Ray examination, rontgenography, tomography. · RENEX-AUTO high frequency generator with self-selection system of different organs parameters, automatic dose indication of patient and self-diagnostic system. · X-ray intensifier with the digital television system. · Computer processing and image storing. KRDC-T20/T2000 RENEX (universal) - is an opportunity of multiple view rontgenoscopy, rontgenography and tomografy (horizontal and vertical) on single workplaces set at a time. Routine diagnostics in the area of digestive tract, thorax organs and also skeleton, skull. Advanced study in gynecology, urology and other areas. Control of all device functions is performed from panel booth with its redoubling directly on the stand.

7. KRDC-T20/T2000 RENEX (COMBINED/JOINT)digital radiognostic system with rotary table-stand. • · RENEX-T20 or RENEX-T200 the all-purpose support stand. • · RENEX-AUTO high frequency generator. • · Radiologist and X-ray laboratory assistant's automatically fixed work place.

8. Visualization of the vascular structures through the use of fluoroscopy with a contrast medium • Reveals blood flow to heart, lungs, brain, kidneys, and lower extremities • Useful in diagnosing an aneurysm Ultrasound(echogram) is a noninvasive study that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize deep body structures. • A transducer emits waves that travel through the body tissue and are reflected back to the transducer and recorded. • The varying density of body tissues deflects the waves into a differentiated pattern on an oscilloscope.

9. Portable ultrasound scanner with full digital beamforming, affordable 2-D imaging (black & white), 6.4 inch TFT non-interlaced LCD : 640x480, ASIC technology, lithium ion battery, housing: notebook style, CINE, image storage, imaging modes:2 D real-time, dual 2D real-time, 2D/M-mode, M-mode; gray scale: internal 64 levels, external 256 levels; channels: 16 transmit channels, 32 recieving channels (synthetic aperture). • Application: fetal, abdominal, pediatric, small organ, intra-vascular, peripheral-vascular, • muscular-skeletal, cardiac, trans-rectal, trans-vaginal

10. MRI • Noninvasive procedure that places the client in a magnetic field instead of ionizing radiation • Provides contrast between normal tissue and pathologic tissue • Evaluates lesions and changes in the body’s organs, tissues, vascular, and skeletal structures

11. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a physical phenomenon based upon the magnetic properties of an atom's nucleus. All nuclei that contain odd numbers of nucleons and some that contain even numbers of nucleons have an intrinsic magnetic moment. The most commonly used nuclei are hydrogen-1 and carbon-13, although certain isotopes of many other elements nuclei can also be observed. NMR studies a magnetic nucleus, like that of a hydrogen atom (protium being the most receptive isotope at natural abundance) by aligning it with a very powerful external magnetic field and perturbing this alignment using an electromagnetic field. The response to the field by perturbing is what is exploited in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging.

12. NMR spectroscopy is one of the principal techniques used to obtain physical, chemical, electronic and structural information about a molecule. It is the only technique that can provide detailed information on the exact three-dimensional structure of biological molecules in solution. Also, nuclear magnetic resonance is one of the techniques that has been used to build elementary quantum computers

13. Use radionuclides (nuclear scanning) to image the morphologic and functional changes in the body’s structure Reveal congenital abnormalities, lesions, skeletal changes, infections, gland, and organ enlargement Visualization of a body organ or cavity through a scope A light at the end of the scope allows the practitioner to assess for lesions and structural problems.

14. Lumbar puncture (spinal tap) is the aspiration of CSF from the subarachnoid space. • To obtain a pressure measurement when blockage is suspected • During a myelogram • To instill anesthesia, antibiotics, or chemotherapy