Bahareh Changizi 851294009

1. United States Academic ranks Bahareh Changizi 851294009

2. United StatesAcademic ranks Regular faculty: • Distinguished Professor, University Professor, or Named Chair • Professor ("Full Professor") • Associate Professor • Assistant Professor • Instructor (sometimes "Lecturer")

3. Traditionally, Assistant Professor has been the usual entry-level rank for faculty who hold doctorates, although this depends on the institution and the field. While Instructorships seldom require a doctorate, competition for jobs has led to an increase in the number of Instructors who hold Ph. Ds or other terminal degrees. • The rank of Associate Professor usually indicates that the individual has been granted tenure at the institution.

4. Professor is often the highest rank attained by a senior faculty member, although some institutions may offer some unique title to a senior faculty member whose research or publications have achieved wide recognition. This title may be a standardized "University Professor", but often are "named chairs": for example, the "John Doe Professor of Philosophy".

5. Temporary faculty and those with special appointments • "Adjunct" before the name of a rank (AdjunctAssistantProfessor, etc.) may indicate a part-time or temporary appointment. Adjunct status may also be given to a faculty member from another academic department whose research or teaching interests overlap substantially with those of the appointing department. • "Visiting" before the name of a rank (VisitingAssistant Professor, etc.) almost always indicates a temporary appointment, often to fill a vacancy that has arisen due to the sabbatical or temporary absence of a regular faculty member.

6. "Research" before the name of a rank (Research Assistant Professor, etc.) usually indicates a full-time research position with few or no teaching responsibilities. Research professorships are almost always funded by grants or fellowships apart from the regular university budget. • "Clinical" before the name of a rank (ClinicalAssistant Professor, etc.) usually indicates a part-time teaching position with limited research responsibilities, especially in the health sciences.

7. "Emeritus" before or after the rank Professor or (less commonly) Associate Professor indicates a retired faculty member. Although an Emeritus faculty member is not paid a regular salary, often he or she has office space and at least some access to the university's facilities. • The ranks of Lecturer and Senior Lecturer are used at some American universities to denote permanent teaching positions with few or no research responsibilities. At other American universities, the rank of Lecturer is equivalent to that of Instructor..

8. Other teaching and research personnel • At some universities, librarians have a rank structure parallel to that of the regular faculty (Assistant Librarian, Associate Librarian, Librarian). Some senior librarians, and often the head librarian, may have faculty or faculty-equivalent rank. • Fellowships and Research Associate positions are most often limited-term appointments for postdoctoral researchers. They are not usually regarded as faculty positions, although some teaching may be required. • At most American universities, research technicians, lab managers, and related personnel are generally regarded as administrative staff rather than faculty

9. Administrative ranks • President • Chancellor (sometimes outranking President) • Vice-Chancellor • Provost • Assistant Provost • Vice Presidents (VP Academic, VP Research, VP Finance, etc.) • Associate Vice Presidents (Assoc. VP Academic, Assoc. VP Research, Assoc. VP Finance, etc.) • Deans (often also Full Professors) • Associate Deans (often also Full Professors) • Directors of Administrative Departments • Associate/Assistant Directors of Administrative Departments • Chairs of Academic Departments (usually Full Professors)

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