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Minerals of the Earth’s Crust

Minerals of the Earth’s Crust. Chapter 1. What is a mineral?. Section 1 Vocabulary Mineral Element Compound Crystal Silicate Mineral Nonsilicate Mineral. The Four Essential Questions. Is it nonliving material? Is it a solid? Does it have a crystalline structure?

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Minerals of the Earth’s Crust

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  1. Minerals of the Earth’s Crust Chapter 1

  2. What is a mineral? • Section 1 Vocabulary • Mineral • Element • Compound • Crystal • Silicate Mineral • Nonsilicate Mineral

  3. The Four Essential Questions • Is it nonliving material? • Is it a solid? • Does it have a crystalline structure? • Is it formed in nature?

  4. Mineral Structure • Four questions • Needs to be a yes for all 4 • Crystalline Structure • Need to know about elements • Elements • All minerals contain one or more • 92 naturally occuring elements

  5. Atoms and Compounds • One kind of element • Atom-smallest part of an element that has all the properties of that element • Compound • Halite-NaCl • Compound • Na-Sodium • Cl-Chlorine • One Element • Gold or Silver • Native element

  6. Crystals • Shape-by the arrangement of the atoms within the crystal • Arrangement-by the kinds of atoms that make up the mineral • Definite crystalline structure • Crystal Classes

  7. Two Groups of Minerals • Most common classification of minerals is based on chemical composition • Silicate minerals • Nonsilicate minerals

  8. Silicate Minerals • Silicon and oxygen • Two most common elements in the Earth’s crust • Combination • 90% • Combine with other elements

  9. Nonsilicate Minerals • Do not contain silicon and oxygen • Most important classes • Native elements • Carbonates • Halides • Oxides • Sulfates • Sulfides

  10. Identifying Minerals • Section 2 Vocabulary • Luster • Streak • Cleavage • Fracture • Hardness • Density

  11. Color • Same mineral-variety of colors • Quartz • Granite • Change of color • Impurities • Other factors • Air • Water • NOT THE BEST WAY TO IDENTIFY A MINERAL

  12. Luster • The way a surface reflects light • Shiny or dull • Metallic-Shiny, bright, and reflective • Submetallic-dull and reflective • Nonmetallic-dull and not reflective • Figure 1

  13. Streak • The color of a mineral in powered form • Streak Plate-a mineral’s streak can be found by rubbing the mineral against a piece of unglazed porcelain • Color is not always the same • Not affected by air or water • MORE RELIABLE THAN COLOR

  14. Cleavage and Fracture • The way a mineral breaks is determined by the arrangement of its atoms. • Cleavage-break smooth • Fracture-uneven break

  15. Hardness • A mineral’s resistance to being scratched • MOHS HARDNESS SCALE • Talc-1 • Diamond-10 • The greater a mineral’s resistance to being scratched is, the higher the mineral’s rating is. • Scratch it on another rock

  16. Density • The measure of how much matter is in a given amount of space. • Density=Mass/Volume • Grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3) • Water is used as a reference point. • 1 g/cm3 • Specific Gravity

  17. Special Properties • Only a few minerals! • Fluorescence-glow under ultraviolet light • Magnetism-attract iron • Chemical Reaction-acid will cause a fizz • Taste-halite-salty • Optical Properties-double image • Radioactivity- radium or uranium

  18. The Formation Mining and Use of Minerals • Section 3 Vocabulary • Ore • Reclamation

  19. Mining • Must be mined to extract valuable elements • To describe a mineral deposit large enough and pure enough to be mined for profit • Two Forms • Surface Mining • Subsurface Mining • Depends on Location

  20. Surface Mining • At or Near the Surface • Open pits- remove large, near-surface deposits of economically important minerals • Gold/silver • Downward layer by layer • Explosives • Surface Coal Mines-strip mining-moved in strips • Quarries-used for mining building stone, crushed rock, sand, and gravel

  21. Subsurface Mining • Too deep within the Earth to be surface mined • Passageways • Horizontally • At an angle • If deep in the earth a vertical shaft is sunk • Connects passageways at different levels

  22. Responsible Mining • Return the land to its original state after the mining is complete • Law since mid-1970’s • Reduce needs for minerals • Recycling

  23. Metallic Minerals • Shiny Surfaces • Does not let light pass through them • Conductors of heat and electricity • Strong, Do not Rust • Gold, Silver, and Copper

  24. Nonmetallic • Shiny or dull surfaces • May let light pass through them • Good insulators of electricity • Most Widely used • Calcite and Silica

  25. Gemstones • Highly Valuable • Diamond, Ruby, Sapphire, etc. • Color is most important • More attractive the more value • Durable • Carat

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