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Chapter Two

Chapter Two. Population. Distribution of World Population. Population concentrations The four largest population clusters [East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Western Europe] Other population clusters [W. Hemisphere, West Africa] Sparsely populated regions

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Chapter Two

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  1. Chapter Two Population

  2. Distribution of World Population • Population concentrations • The four largest population clusters [East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Western Europe] • Other population clusters [W. Hemisphere, West Africa] • Sparsely populated regions • Dry lands – 20% to dry to farm; contain natural resources? • Wet lands – near equator b/t 20° north & south latitude; large amounts of rainfall • Cold lands – covered with ice or permafrost; unsuitable • High lands – mountains are steep, snow covered

  3. World Population Cartogram Fig. 2-1: This cartogram displays countries by the size of their population rather than their land area.(Only countries with 50 million or more people are named.)

  4. World Population Distribution & Climate Zones Fig. 2-2: World population is unevenly distributed across the earth’s surface. Climate is one factor that affects population density.

  5. Expansion of the Ecumene5000 BC - AD 1900 Fig. 2-3: The ecumene, or the portion of the earth with permanent human settlement, has expanded to cover most of the world’s land area.

  6. Ecumene, 5000 B.C.

  7. Ecumene, A.D. 1

  8. Ecumene, A.D.1500

  9. Ecumene, A.D.1900

  10. Population Density • Arithmetic • total # of people divided by total land area • Answers the “where” question • Physiological • # of people supported by a unit area of arable land • Provides insights into the relationship b/t size of population & availability of resources in a region • Agricultural • Ratio of the # of farmers to the amount of arable land • This measure helps account for economic differences (MDCs vs. LDCs)

  11. Arithmetic Population Density Fig. 2-4: Arithmetic population density is the number of people per total land area. The highest densities are found in parts of Asia and Europe.

  12. Physiological Density Fig. 2-5: Physiological density is the number of people per arable land area. This is a good measure of the relation between population and agricultural resources in a society.

  13. Measures of Population Density

  14. Distribution of World Population Growth • Natural Increase • Crude Birth Rate (CBR) – total # of live births per year for every 1,000 people alive • Crude Death Rate (CDR) – total # of deaths per year for every 1,000 people alive • Natural Increase Rate (NIR) - % by which population grows in a year [(CBR-CDR)/10 = NIR] • High base population means small changes in NIR have dramatic effect • Doubling Time - # of years needed to double population assuming constant rate of natural increase • Virtually 100% of natural increase clustered in LDCs

  15. Distribution of World Population Growth • Fertility • Total Fertility Rate – average number of children a woman will have throughout her child-bearing years • Vary between LDCs & MDCS • 2.7 for world as whole • Mortality • Infant Mortality Rate – annual # of deaths of infants compared w/ total live births • Higher rates in poorer countries; reflects country’s health-care system • Life expectancy – measures the average # of years a newborn infant can expect to live at current mortality levels

  16. World Population Growth1950 - 2005 Fig. 2-6: Total world population increased from 2.5 to over 6 billion in slightly over 50 years. The natural increase rate peaked in the early 1960s and has declined since, but the number of people added each year did not peak until 1990.

  17. Natural Increase Rates Fig. 2-7:The natural increase rate (NIR) is the percentage growth or decline in the population of a country per year (not including net migration). Countries in Africa and Southwest Asia have the highest current rates, while Russia and some European countries have negative rates.

  18. Crude Birth Rates Fig. 2-8: The crude birth rate (CBR) is the total number of births in a country per 1000 population per year. The lowest rates are in Europe, and the highest rates are in Africa and several Asian countries.

  19. Total Fertility Rates Fig. 2-9: The Total fertility rate (TFR) is the number of children an average woman in a society will have through her childbearing years. The lowest rates are in Europe, and the highest are in Africa and parts of the Middle East.

  20. Infant Mortality Rates Fig. 2-10: The infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths per 1000 live births per year. The highest infant mortality rates are found in some of the poorest countries of Africa and Asia.

  21. Life Expectancy at birth Fig. 2-11: Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live. The highest life expectancies are generally in the wealthiest countries, and the lowest in the poorest countries.

  22. Crude Death Rates Fig. 2-12: The crude death rate (CDR) is the total number of deaths in a country per 1000 population per year. Because wealthy countries are in a late stage of the Demographic Transition, they often have a higher CDR than poorer countries.

  23. Variations in Population Growth • The Demographic Transition [4 stages] • Low growth • agricultural revolution allowed for more people to survive • High growth • Industrial revolution spurs movement into stage • CDR decreasing, CBR stable • Medical revolution pushed LDCs into stage in late 20th century • Moderate growth • CBR begins to drop, still higher than CDR • People decide to have fewer offspring => decline in mortality & IMR; economic changes (work in cities) • Low growth • CBR = CDR & NIR nears zero (0) => Zero population growth

  24. Variations in Population Growth • Population pyramids • Age distribution • Dependency ratio – larger the % of dependents, the greater the financial burden on those working • Sex ratio • # of males per 100 females; slightly more males born, but have higher death rates • Countries in different stages of demographic transition • Demographic transition and world population growth

  25. The Demographic Transition Fig. 2-13: The demographic transition consists of four stages, which move from high birth and death rates, to declines first in death rates then in birth rates, and finally to a stage of low birth and death rates. Population growth is most rapid in the second stage.

  26. World Population & Growth Rates,400,000 BC - AD 2000

  27. Demographic Transition in England Fig. 2-14: England was one of the first countries to experience rapid population growth in the mid-eighteenth century, when it entered stage 2 of the demographic transition.

  28. Percent of Population under 15 Fig. 2-15: About one-third of world population is under 15, but the percentage by country varies from over 40% in most of Africa and some Asian countries, to under 20% in much of Europe.

  29. Population Pyramids in U.S. cities Fig. 2-16: Population pyramids can vary greatly with different fertility rates (Laredo vs. Honolulu), or among military bases (Unalaska), college towns (Lawrence), and retirement communities (Naples).

  30. Rapid Growth in Cape Verde Fig. 2-17: Cape Verde, which entered stage 2 of the demographic transition in about 1950, is experiencing rapid population growth. Its population history reflects the impacts of famines and out-migration.

  31. Moderate Growth in Chile Fig. 2-18: Chile entered stage 2 of the demographic transition in the 1930s, and it entered stage 3 in the 1960s.

  32. Low Growth in Denmark Fig. 2-19: Denmark has been in stage 4 of the demographic transition since the 1970s, with little population growth since then. Its population pyramid shows increasing numbers of elderly and few children.

  33. Will the World Face an Overpopulation Problem? • Thomas Malthus • Argued world’s rate of population increase was far outrunning development of food supplies • Population increased geometrically, whereas food supply increased arithmetically • Neo-Malthusians • Medical technology resulted in gap b/t population growth & resources widening in some countries • World pop. Outstripping variety of resources which will lead to war & civil violence

  34. Overpopulation Problem • Critics of Malthus • Possibilists, Contemporary analysts, Marxists, Economic, Political leaders • Declining birth rates • Malthus theory & reality • Food production increased more rapidly • Population increased at a slower rate; NIR declined • Reasons for declining birth rates • Economic development • Distribution of contraceptives

  35. World Health Threats • Epidemiological Transition – focuses on distinctive cause of death in each stage of demographic transition • Stage 1 – pestilence & famine; Black Plague • Stage 2 – receding pandemics; Cholera • Stage 3 – degenerative & human-created diseases; cardiovascular disease, cancer • Stage 4 – delayed degenerative diseases • Stage 5 – reemergence of infectious & parasitic diseases

  36. Food & Population, 1950-2000Malthus vs. Actual Trends Fig. 2-20: Malthus predicted population would grow faster than food production, but food production actually expanded faster than population in the 2nd half of the 20th century.

  37. Crude Birth Rate Decline, 1980-2005 Fig. 2-21: Crude birth rates declined in most countries during the 1980s and 1990s (though the absolute number of births per year increased from about 120 to 130 million).

  38. Use of Family Planning Fig. 2-22: Both the extent of family planning use and the methods used vary widely by country and culture.

  39. Women Using Family Planning

  40. Family Planning Methodsused in three countries

  41. Promoting One-Child Policy in China

  42. Cholera in London, 1854 Fig. 2-23: By mapping the distribution of cholera cases and water pumps in Soho, London, Dr. John Snow identified the source of the water-borne epidemic.

  43. Tuberculosis Death Rates Fig. 2-24: The tuberculosis death rate is good indicator of a country’s ability to invest in health care. TB is still one of the world’s largest infectious disease killers.

  44. Avian Flu, 2003 - 2006 Fig. 2-25: The first cases of avian flu in this outbreak were reported in Southeast Asia.

  45. HIV/AIDS Prevalence Rates, 2005 Fig. 2-26: The highest HIV infection rates are in sub-Saharan Africa. India and China have large numbers of cases, but lower infection rates at present.

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