Cooley, Mead, Freud, Erikson and Levinson

1. Cooley, Mead, Freud, Erikson and Levinson Behind the Theories on Development

2. Charles Cooley (1864-1929)

3. Cooley He said that the self develops through process of social interaction

4. Cooley • Influenced by family primarily, then later peer-groups.

5. Cooley • Used the analogy of a Looking-Glass (mirror) to describe the 3 stage process of self

6. Cooley 1. We imagine how our actions appear to others 2. We imagine how others judge our actions 3. We make some sort of self-judgment based on 1& 2

7. George Herbert Mead (1863-1931)

8. Mead • He traced people’s awareness of self to primary caregiver

9. Mead • He said the self is composed of 2 parts-“I” and “Me”

10. Mead I like Mead! Very Much!!! The “I” portion wishes to have self expression, to be active and spontaneous

11. Mead • The “Me” portion is made up of the things learned through the socialization process.  The “Me” makes normal social interaction possible

13. Mead • He said the self develops in 3 stages

14. Mead • Preparatory stage-child imitates others

15. Mead • Play stage-child has acquired language and not only imitates, but form role expectations: playing house, cops and robbers.

16. Mead • Game stage-child learns there are rules that specify the correct and proper relationship among the players.  • We learn the expectations of various positions which we interact as well as the expectations of the general audience

17. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

18. Freud • He said the self has 3 separately functioning parts, in which the individual is constantly at struggle.

19. Freud • Id-thedrives and instincts that every human inherits, mostly remain unconscious

20. Freud • Superego-society’s norms and expectations, primarily learned from parents

21. Freud • Ego-mediates the eternal conflict of the id and superego, also finds socially acceptable ways to express id’s drives.

22. Erik Erikson (1902-1994)

23. Erikson • Human development is accomplished in 8 stages

24. Erikson 1. Trust vs. Mistrust (up to 1 year) 2. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (1-4) 3. Initiative vs. guilt (4-5) 4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12) 5. Identity vs. role confusion (adolescence) 6. Intimacy vs. isolation (young adulthood) 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (30’s to 50’s) 8. Integrity vs. Despair (old age)

25. Daniel Levinson (1920-1994) No Pictures!!!!

26. Levinson • He focused on adult development-said there were 6 stages

27. Levinson • Early adult period 18-22 • Leave adolescence, make preliminary choices for life • Leave the family of origin

28. Levinson • Getting into adult world • 22-28- • “form a dream” • Make initial choices in love, occupation, friendship and values

29. Levinson However, I have no flaws! • Age 30 transitional period-seeks to correct flaws • Changes in life occur

30. Levinson • Settling down-has reworked flaws and seeks order and stability

31. Levinson • Age 40 transitional period-mid-life crisis

32. Levinson • Beginning of middle adulthood-mid 40’s • Reflect on life’s accomplishments

33. Pavlovian Theory

35. That’s All Folks!!