بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

1. بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

2. بسم الله ما شاء الله لا قوة إلا بالله، ما شاء الله كل نعمة من الله، ما شاء الله الخير كله بيد الله، ما شاء الله لا يصرف السوء إلا الله"

3. Course Code : Bio 106 Course Title : Biology

4. Workload: 5 hours per week: 3hr theoretical and 2hr practical

5. Distribution of grades Final theoretical exam 40Practicalexam 30First mid term exam 15Secondmid term exam 15

6. Welcome to biology Science Best wishes to enjoy with Course

7. Course Objectives • The main objective of this course is: To learn the fundamental of biology.

8. The main titles of biology course • 1. Introduction. • 2. Recognize the scope of biology and its relevance to medicine. • 3. Structure and function of animal cell organelles. • 4. Metabolism and enzymes.

9. 5. Mitotic and meiotic cell division. 6. Structure of DNA and protein synthesis. 7. Biotechnology and genetic engineering 8. Digestive system 9. Endocrinology and hormones 10. Reproductive system 11. Circulatory system 12. Nervous system

10. Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy

11. What characteristics do define life? • All living organisms share in a family of basic characteristicsالصفات الاساسية . • Cellular organization • All organisms consist of مكونة منone or more cellsخلايا . Often too tinyصغيرة جداً to see, cells carry out the basic activities الأنشطة الاساسيةof living organismsالكائنات الحية .

12. 2. OrderAll living things are highly ordered. Your body is composed of many different kinds of cells, each containing many complex molecular structures.3. SensitivityAll organisms respond to stimuli. Plants grow toward a source of light, and your pupils dilate when you walk into a dark room.

13. 4. Growthالنمو , developmentالتطور , and reproductionالتكاثر All organisms are capable of growingقادرة على النمو and reproducingالتزاوج , and they all possess hereditary moleculesجزيئات وراثية that are passed to their offspringالنسل . 5. Energy utilization All organisms take in energyالطاقة تحصل علىand use it to perform many kinds of work.

14. 6. Evolutionary adaptationالتكيف التطوري All organisms interact تتفاعل معwith other organisms and the environment البيئة in ways that influence survivalالحياة , this makes, organisms evolve adaptationsتكيف to their environmentsالبيئة . 7. Homeostasis All organisms maintain relatively constant internal conditions, different from their environment, a process called homeostasis.

15. Hierarchial التسلسليالترتيبOrganization: • The organization of the biological world is hierarchialتسلسلي -that is, each level builds on the level below it. • The Cellular Level • At the cellular level, atoms الذرات, the fundamental elements of matter, are joined together into clusters called molecules الجزيئات. Complex biological molecules are assembled into tiny structures called organelles العضياتwithin membrane-bounded units we call cells الخلايا.

16. 2. The Organismal Level: Cells خلايا are organized into three levels مستويات of organization. The most basic level is that of tissuesانسجة , which are mostly made of groups of similar cells that act as a functional unit. Tissues, in turn, are grouped into organsاعضاء . At the third levelالمستوي الثالث of organization, organs are grouped intoorgan systemsانظمة .

17. 3. The Population Levelمستوي العشيرة Individualorganisms الكائنات are organized into several levels within the living world. The most basic of these is the population العشيرة , which is a group of organisms of the same species living in the same place. All the populations of a particular kind of organism together form a speciesالنوع البيولوجي , its members similar in appearance and able to interbreedتتزاوج . At a higher level of biological organization,a biological communityالمجتمع الحيوي consists of all the populations of different species living together in one place.

18. Structural Hierarchy التسلسل التركيبي