An eye for an eye: A social Justice Presentation

1. An eye for an eye: A social Justice Presentation Jennifer Peters Marcel Collins Martin Hammar

2. “An eye for an eye only ends up making the whole world blind.” - Mahatma Gandhi

3. Overview • Unites States contains less than 5% of the world’s population, but incarcerates 25% of the world’s prisoners. • In 2002 – Inmates admitted totaled 591,000 and those released totaled 586,000 • Over 60% of the jail and prison population are non-violent offenders. • Recidivism rates are generally not affected by length of sentence (Schmitt,Warner & Gupta, 2010; Katel, 2009; Savitsky, 2012)

4. Facts • More than 2 million prisoners are released each year to their communities. • People of color are disproportionately represented within the U.S. criminal justice system. • There are now more African Americans in prison and jail, or on probation or parole than were enslaved in 1850. • 75% of state prisoners do not have their high school diploma. (Hirsch et al., 2002; Rastogi, et al., 2011)

5. Gender Differences National survey of prison inmates found highest rate on mental illness was among white females. Female inmate population is rising faster annually than males Females of color more likely to be incarcerated Women are often imprisoned due to crimes committed due to multiple dependence on a man Domestic violence is often directly or indirectly present as a key factor in a woman’s life course. (Center for Policy Studies, 2009)

6. Prisoners as Parents • 56% of incarcerated adults are parents. • 3 million children have an incarcerated parent or one who has been recently released. • Stigma created by incarceration makes not only affect parents, but also can trickle down to their children. • Many parents lose parental rights to their children before their release from prison. • Child support orders often continue to accrue during incarceration. (Foster & Hagen, 2009; Nasher & Visher, 2006)

7. Juveniles Adult/Youth Cohabitation in Prisons • Harrison & Kargerg (2004) states that out of an increase of 40,983 prisoners—3,006 were under the age of 18 and another 6,869 were in adult jails Youth Corrections • Costly $88,000/year • High recidivism • Greater number of ethnic minorities • Mostly males • High rates of MI & substance use disorders (Abrams & Snyder, 2010)

8. Historical Milestones & Trends • 1984 Sentencing Reform Act imposed mandatory sentencing for specific drug and firearm offenses. • In 1996 through welfare reform, people with felony drug convictions were subjected to a lifetime ban from Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) and Food Stamps benefits. • Government Institutions • Prison Industrial Complex

9. Oppression • Incarceration among disadvantaged groups resulting in social exclusion has significant impact on communities. • Effectively a caste system that promotes preservation of power, prevents social mobility, and dehumanizes subsets of the population. (Jung, 2011)

10. Collateral Sanctions • Housing • Entitlement Programs • Voting Rights • Securing Credit • Stigmatization • Employment • Education • Documentation items • Loss of child and or family Sanctions that persist even after a person has completed a sentence. (Kenemore & Rolden, 2006)

11. Judicial Course • Pre-incarceration: Public defenders plea bargain in 95% of cases, lead to the “Prisoner’s Dilemma” (Savitsky, 2012). • Incarcerated: States spent an average $22,650 per incarcerated inmate, but budget constraints have resulted in few treatment programs (Katel, 2009). • Released: Majority of inmates leave prison with no savings or job prospects. 90% leave with little or no discharge planning(Jung, 2011).

12. Theories about Families

13. Areas of Impact • Depending on your role as a social worker, there will be many different areas that you may be required to intervene. Some examples are: • Micro level: Providing or referring for counseling services, aiding in reunification process, and providing pre-release planning to convicts looking to return home. • Mezzo level: Advocating for prisons to utilize internet based child and family visitation, establishing community resources to help ease reentry, and providing education to • Macro level: Advocating for structural changes to be made to the criminal justice system at the federal and state level, and advocating changing of the entire dynamics of prisons to model: Rehabilitation not Recidivism.

14. Advancing Social justice • 2nd Chance Act Re-assess how court costs & fines are handled; funding for reentry program development (Pogorzelski, Wolff, Pan & Blitz, 2005) • Re-entry Programs Vocational; educational; drug treatment; violent & sex offender treatment; halfway house; and pre-release programs (Bouffard & Bergeron, 2006). • Advocacy Post-release supervision based on risk not sentence (ACTF, 2010) • Employment/Education programs Federal Bonding Program and Post Secondary Program • Affordable Healthcare Act Access to community health/behavioral health services

15. Engagement The goals of the Athens Re-Entry Task Force are to: 1. Improve public safety; 2. Increase ex-offender’s personal responsibility by making restitution to the victims and support of family a priority; and 3. Reduce the overall rate of recidivism. • (2010)

16. Politics/Behavioral Health Sentencing reform; Reforming collateral sanctions; Elimination of user fees to fund the criminal justice system; Reforms to allow more community service work; Child support reforms; (ACTF, 2010) Universal community access to substance abuse treatment programs and requiring DRC to provide more programs such as ABLE and mental health treatment; Requiring the CDJFS to determine if the ex-offender is disabled; and Requiring the CDJFS to coordinate the ex-offender’s post-release eligibility for benefits and available services. Restructure the RECLAIM initiative to remove the incentive for felony charges for youth.

17. Collaboration • Social Worker involvement both while in prison and when the ex-offender is released. • Positive peer mentoring: those who have re-entered successfully can mentor peers who are being released. • Social worker/outreach center need standardized discharge planning times and locations. • Showcasing and educating communities on the positives of successful rehabilitation and reentry

18. RE-ENTRY NEEDS • Huge need: PRE-RELEASE PLANNING. • Many ex-offenders are released from jail or prison without their basic needs being able to be met or sustained. • Documentation can be an issue as most prisoners do not have access to birth certificates, social security cards, etc. • Housing can be an issue as some ex-offenders are released with no where to call home. • Health Care: some leave with only a few weeks of medication (Kenemore & Roldan, 2006)

19. RE-ENTRY NEEDS • Permanent address: job applications, degrees, certificates, or other mailings. Suggestion: providing ex-cons with a post-office box • Transportation: can cause ex-offenders to fail meeting required visitation, hearings, or probation responsibilities. Suggestions: free taxi card or re-entry shuttle services….. • Safe house: a central, safe environment just for ex-offenders with a supportive, multi-disciplinary team

20. RE-ENTRY NEEDS • Mental Health & Health Needs: Hard to get into providers, much less if you have no insurance or documentation. • Fees: Many transactions require fees and often ex-offenders do not have money. Example: Drivers licenses fees • Strong Social and Family Attachments: After being isolated for their crimes, coming back to strong, supportive attachments can increase success.

21. References ACTF. (2010). Recommendations from the Athens County Reentry Task Force. Retrieved from http://jfs.athenscountygovernment.com/documents/ACTFrecommendations12-10.pdf Abrams, L. & Snyder, S. (2010). Youth offender reentry: Models for intervention and directions for future inquiry. Children And Youth Services Review, 321787-1795. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.07.023 Alexander, M. (2010). The new jim crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. New York: The New Press Bouffard, J. A., & Bergeron, L. E. (2006). Reentry works: The implementation and effectiveness of a serious and violent offender reentry initiative. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 44(2), 1-29. Centers for Policy Studies. (2009). Women, integration, and prison: Research hypothesis. Retrieved from http://cps.ceu.hu/research/mip/research-hypotheses Foster, H., & Hagan, J. (2009). The Mass Incarceration of Parents in America: Issues of Race/Ethnicity, Collateral Damage to Children, and Prisoner Reentry. Annals Of The American Academy Of Political And Social Science, 179. doi:10.2307/40375895 Ghandi Returns Home. (2000). In L. Glennon(Ed)., The 20th Century: An Illustrated History of Our Lives and Times. (107). N.Digham, MA:J.G. Press. Hirsch, A. E., Dietrich, S. M., Landau, R., Schneider, P. D., Ackelsberg, I., Bernstien-Baker, J., & Hohnenstein, J. (2002). Every door closed: Barriers facing parents with criminal records. Retrieved from http://www.clasp.org/admin/site/publications_archive/files/0092.pdf

22. References Jung, H. (2011). Increase in the Length of Incarceration and the Subsequent Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from Men Released from Illinois State Prisons. Journal Of Policy Analysis And Management, 30(3), 499-533. Luther, J. B., Reichert, E. S., Holloway, E. D., Roth, A. M., & Aalsma, M. C. (2011). An Exploration of Community Reentry Needs and Services for Prisoners: A Focus on Care to Limit Return to High-Risk Behavior. AIDS Patient Care & Stds, 25(8), 475-481. doi:http://dx.doi.org.proxy.library.ohiou.edu/10.1089/apc.2010.0372 Katel, P. (2009, December 4). Prisoner reentry. CQ Researcher, 19, 1005-1028. Retrieved from http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/cqresrre2009120400 Kenemore, T.,K., & Roldan, I. (2006). Staying straight: Lessons from ex-offenders. Clinical Social Work Journal, 34(1), 5-21. doi:10.1007/s10615-005-0003-7 Kerby, S. (2013, March 13). The top 10 most startling facts about people of color and criminal justice in the united states: A look at the racial disparities inherent in our nation’s criminal-justice system. Center for American Progress. Retrieved from www.americanprogress.org/issues/race/news/2012/03/13/11351/the-top-10-most-startling- facts-about-people-of-color-and-criminal-justice-in-the-united-states/ Magnani, L. (2011). Market Values Permeate Both Foreign Policies and Prison Policies. Peace Review, 23(3), 279-286. doi:10.1080/10402659.2011.596044 Marbley, A., & Ferguson, R. (2005). Responding to Prisoner Reentry, Recidivism, and Incarceration of Inmates of Color: A Call to the Communities. Journal Of Black Studies, (5), 633. doi:10.2307/40034341

23. References Nasar, R. & Visher, C. (2006). Family Members' Experiences with Incarceration and Reentry. Western Criminology Review, 7(2), 20-31. ODRC. (2002). The Ohio Plan for Productive Offender Re-Entry & Recidivism Reduction. (Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Corrections). Retrieved from: http://drc.ohio.gov/web/ReentryFinalPlan.pdf Rastogi, S., Tallese , J. D., Hoeffel, E. M., & Drewery, M. P. (2011, September). The black population: 2010. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-06.pdf Savitsky, D. (2012). Is plea bargaining a rational choice? Plea bargaining as an engine of racial stratification and overcrowding in the United States prison system. Rationality And Society, 24(2), 131-167. Schmitt, J., Warner, K., & Gupta S. (2010, June). The high budgetary cost of incarceration. Retrieved from http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/incarceration-2010-06.pdf