Introduction to and Review of the International Normative Framework

1. Introduction to and Review of the International Normative Framework Dignity, Freedom, Non-Discrimination & Equality – Securing the Base-Line & Realising Human Capabilities Professor John Packer Director, Human Rights Centre University of Essex

2. History • Peace of Westphalia (1648) • Sovereign equality (of Princes) • Accommodation of religious communities • National sovereignty (19th century) • Nationalities principle (early 20th century) • National self-determination (post WW I) • “National minorities” protection regime ... limited & selective • Protection of human rights (post WW II) • [Protection of minorities post Cold War]

3. Pre-1945 Logic Westphalia’s “billiard balls”

4. Post-1945 Logic Equally sovereign States comprising Equal human beings guaranteed Equal “human rights”

5. Key Norms and Standards Between States 1. Principle of Sovereign Equality 2. Principle of Non-Intervention 3. Principle of Non-Use of Force 4. Principle of Collective Security 5. Principle of Cooperation Within the State 1. “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.” (Article 1 UDHR) 2. Principle of Non-Discrimination (UN Charter etc.) 3. Principle of Equality (UN Charter etc.) 4. Principle of Development

6. The problem of minorities 1. Factual differences - needs, interests and aspirations 2. Factual (dis)advantage 3. The majority rule [a problem of majorities] 4. Limits of possibility and of feasibility

7. Issues for Diversity Management - I 1. Achieving and maintaining security … generating voluntary compliance a. Guaranteeing fundamental rights & freedoms b. Guaranteeing [additional] minority rights • Identity maintenance and development • Effective participation in public life • Economic and social well-being 2. Ensuring good & democratic governance • Responsible authority under Rule of Law • Consultative & deliberative decision-making • Public service • Legitimate (limited) Use of Force

8. Issues for Diversity Management - II 3. Institutional arrangements a. Accommodation of diversity - Exceptions / exemptions - Special measures - Subsidiarity – forms of autonomy (decentralisation) b. Supervisory bodies • Monitoring and reporting • Public interest actors (e.g. NIHR) • Judicial and non-judicial recourses 4. International guarantees

9. Continuum of Protection Fundamental Human Rights Anti-discrimination Minority Rights Good Governance IMPACTS: - Maximizing Freedom [to choose] - Realising Human Capabilities GOAL: Individual and Social Development ... [Positive] Peace and Prosperity