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1970’s to present. The Presidents. Richard Nixon Wins 1968. 1960 ‣ 1968 election represented conservative vote ‣ Most Americans wanted to end the protests, violence, counterculture, & drugs. Vietnam Ends . Accomplishments of Nixon. ‣ Vietnamization
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Richard Nixon Wins 1968 • 1960 • ‣ 1968 election represented conservative vote • ‣ Most Americans wanted to end the protests, violence, counterculture, & drugs.
Accomplishments of Nixon • ‣ Vietnamization • ‣ 1972 SALT I- Soviet Union and U.S. sign Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty which froze the nuclear missiles on each side for 5 years. • ‣ Détente- began diplomatic relations with China( Mao Zedong) and Soviet Union( Leonid Brezhnev). • ‣ Nixon Doctrine- In the future, U.S. would give $ aid but not troops. Other countries would have to fight their own wars.
Could Nixon win re-election with so many fiascos? • ‣ 1970- Americans informed of My Lai • ‣ Reaction: increase in anti-war protests (& Kent State Massacre) • ‣ 1971- Pentagon Papers released • ‣ CREEP & “Plumbers” • ‣ Enemies List • ‣ Reflected attitude to use any means to promote National Security
Watergate • ‣ Wiretaps found at Democrats National Headquarters in Watergate Hotel in D.C. BUSTED!! • ‣ Nixon had previously ordered wiretaps of gov’t employees & reporters who exposed secret bombing of Cambodia.
More Watergate • ‣ No solid proof that Nixon was involved, but he DID order cover-up. • ‣ 1973- V.P. Spiro Agnew resigned- tax evasion and bribes. Enter Gerald Ford. • ‣ Nixon refuses to release tapes of conversations from Oval Office. • ‣“Saturday Night Massacre”: Oct 20, Archibald Cox (sp. pros. of Wtg. scandal) Cox had issued subpoena for tapes, was fired. Att. Gen. & Deputy Gen. resigned b/c didn’t want to fire Cox.
End of Watergate • ‣ 1974- some of the transcripts are released • ‣ Impeachment hearings begin (abuse of justice, power, contempt) • ‣ August 9, Nixon resigns • ‣ Significance: loss of faith in gov’t. • Ford becomes only president to become president without being voted into office of V.P. or President.
Nixon Continued ‣ Southern Strategy in 1968 election ‣ New Federalism ‣ Clean Air Act 1970 ‣ EPA ‣ OSHA ‣ 1973, Syria & Egypt vs. Israel, U.S. sent weapons to Israel thus leading to oil embargo by OPEC on oil sold to Israel’s supporters. Hurt economy & U.S. car manufacturing jobs as Americans purchased more smaller fuel efficient Japanese cars.
Gerald Ford 1974 • Gives Nixon a full pardon; “corrupt bargain?”
Ford Continued ‣ continues détente with Helsinki Accords- 1975, recognized Soviet boundaries and helped to ease tensions between USSR & European countries; recognized human rights ‣ WIN- Whip Inflation Now, tried to curb inflation by urging voluntary measures on the part of businesses and consumers; vetoed 66 pieces of legislation
Jimmy Carter in 1976 • ‣ Promised never to lie to American people • ‣ Peace Accords at Camp David- Carter mediated dispute b/t Egypt and Israel. • ‣ SALT II- limits on long range missiles, bombers, and nuclear warheads, but withdrew after Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. (boycotted Olympics in Moscow 1980) • ‣ détente suspended • ‣ Panama Canal- Carter pledged to return to Panama by 2000. • ‣ Human Rights Diplomacy • ‣ Iranian Hostage Crisis- 53 for 1 year (released under Reagan) • ‣ Oil Crisis • ‣ stagflation & • “Double-digit • Inflation”
Ronald Reagan Wins 1980 • ‣ Republican • Conservative • ‣ Wins with 489 electoral votes against Carter’s 49 BUT only 50.8% of the popular vote! • ‣ REAGANOMICS- widening gap b/t rich and poor; cut taxes for businesses.
Reagan Domestic -Continued • ‣ supply-side economics (trickle-down)- tax cuts would lead to increased jobs and prosperity • ‣ Environment- to ease auto industry, regulations on emissions and auto safety were reduced; opened federal land for increased coal and timber production and offshore waters for oil drilling. • ‣ nominated Sandra Day O’Conner
Reagan Foreign • ‣ called USSR an “evil empire” • ‣ response to Cold War- expand U.S. military • ‣ Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI or Star Wars) was a high-technology missile-defense system that called for orbiting satellites in space that could fire laser beams to vaporize intercontinental missiles • ‣improved relations with new Russian leader, Gorbachev, (‘85) INF agreement (agreed to destroy intermediate range missiles, USSR pulls troops from Afghanistan. • ‣”Mr. Gorbachev, tear down that wall!” • ‣Berlin Wall falls in 1989 (Bush)
Reagan Foreign Continued • ‣ Iran-Contras: • 1. believed Nicaragua was turning communist like Cuba, CIA financed a rebel group called contras to carry out various acts of sabotage. • 2. National Security advisor, Robert McFarland, idea of selling U.S. arms and missiles to Iran for its help in freeing American hostages • 3. Oliver North, NSC, proposed using profits from gun sells to fund contras • 4. illegal diversion of funds- violated congressional budget authority (congress had banned U.S. aid to contras)
Reagan- Extra • ‣1st president since Eisenhower to complete 2 terms (1980, 1984) • ‣stopped the growth of New Deal/Great Society programs • ‣military build-up • ‣continued détente • ‣Russia attempts glasnost, openness to end political repression and move toward political freedom • ‣1984- ran against Walter Mondale and Geraldine Ferraro
1988- George H. W. Bush • ‣Persian Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm)- with Iraq over invasion of Kuwait • ‣ “No new taxes!” • ‣nominated Clarence Thomas to replace Thurgood Marshall
1992 & 1996 Bill Clinton • ‣ 1st Baby Boomer president • ‣troops to Somalia, Haiti, Bosnia…(NATO & UN) • ‣NAFTA-free trade zone with Canada and Mexico • ‣nuclear threat from N. Korea thwarted when coalition of nations convinced NK to abandon effort to develop nuclear weapons and allow on-site inspection of nuclear power plants.
Clinton Continued • ‣10 year ban on assault weapons (1994-2004) • ‣Brady Bill- gun control law (5 day wait) • ‣shrunk federal deficit • ‣ impeached • ‣ WTC, 1993 • ‣ wanted to lift the ban on gays in military, but was met with much opposition, so…“don’t ask, don’t tell”
2000, 2004 George W. Bush • ‣September 11, 2001 • ‣ “axis of evil”- Iraq, Iran, & North Korea • ‣ Congress ok’s resolution to allow pres. to decide to use force against Iraq for not allowing UN to complete inspections per post Gulf War agreements
2008, 2012 Barack Obama • 1st African American president • Universal healthcare • Osama bin Laden killed
INFORMATION • 1. Homework: answer test on scantron in pencil and turn in for grade on Thursday, May 9. • A. write page number where answer is found • B. Notebooks- use them as a review book. I will not be collecting them.