Terrorism Versus Counterterrorism

Terrorism Versus Counterterrorism Peace and Conflicts Group 1 Amelia(Hyun Jung), Alena, Sun Kil, Paula(Se Hee)

What is Terrorism? Who are Terrorists? p.45 Terrorism Any actual or threatened attack against civilian noncombatants Terrorists People who typically feel unable to confront their perceived enemies directly and who accordingly use violence, or the threat of violence, against noncombatants to achieve their political aims Peace and Conflicts

However!!!!!! Who is or is not a terrorist and what may or may not be acts of terrorism depend largely on the perspectiveof the person or group using the term Even United Nations has been unable to agree on defining terrorism, despite decades of debating the issue Agent centered terrorism Focus on the violent acts committed by terrorists Neglect the effects of those acts on their victims. Victim centered terrorism Terrifying effects of certain violent acts on the victims of those acts Peace and Conflicts

Definition of Terrorism Terrorism is a premeditated, usually politically motivated, use, or threatened use, of violence, in order to induce a state of terror in its immediate victims, usually for the purpose of influencing another, less reachable audience, such as a government. Such victims may include civilian noncombatants but are not necessarily limited to them Peace and Conflicts

A Brief History of Terrorism p.47 Terrorism derives originally from the French Revolution, to denote the “reign of terror” Today- denotes political violence, intimidation and psychological warfare deployed by sub-national groups mainly against civilian noncombatants Peace and Conflicts

p.48 Terrorism from ABOVE Terrorism from BELOW Peace and Conflicts

TheHistorical Tension Between State Terrorism From Above and Non-State Terrorism From Below p.49 Peace and Conflicts

Roman Terrorism from Above and Jewish Terrorism from Below • 1st century B.C.E. Roman empire subjugated nomadic ethnic groups of the Middle East • -> Starting point of dialectic between ‘State terrorism(TFA) and ‘Non-State terrorism(TFB)’ Peace and Conflicts

Islam: Religion of peace, Religion of war p.50 • Jihad: Participating in Jihad is Muslim’s duty • Those who were in battle -> direct entrance to paradise • But in real life Islam is not so warlike religion Peace and Conflicts

Reestablishing the sacred polity p.51 Memories of their powerful past activated religious resistance to secular government Thus Muslims constantly seek for more sanctified candidates for their leader Peace and Conflicts

The Kharijites • someone the most pious regardless of any other backgrounds should be ruler • Egalitarianism ②The Shiites • partisan of Ali, argue that Ali had inherited Muhammad’s spiritual power and must be recognized as Imam • In contrast, Sunni recognize the succession of first 4 caliphs as legitimate heir ③The Nizari • The prototypical assassins, for political goal. • Ultimate spiritual mission(assassination) >personal desire, even life • Precursors of suicidal bomber and terrorist Peace and Conflicts

Shiites / Sunni Peace and Conflicts

The Muslim Brotherhood and SayyidQutb p.55 1. Muslim Brotherhood • Religious and social reform movement founded by Hassan al-Banna in 1928 Egypt • important source of inspiration for contemporary Jihadis 2. SayyidQutb: Egyptian political rebel and writer • After 3 years in US, returned to Egypt and joined brotherhood but he get imprisoned and hanged by government • In prison, he wrote a book ‘Milestones’ -> its message become slogan of militant Sunni Islamist Peace and Conflicts

Peace and Conflicts Peace and Conflicts

in Arabic: a foundation of a house a principle, rule, formula, model Enemy #1 in the “war on terrorism” Al-Qaeda is not a formal organization. It is a network with ideology that inspires a worldwide political movement. 1996 “A Declaration of War against the Americans Occupying the Land of the Two Holy Places” Al-Qaeda p.55 Peace and Conflicts

Leaders Osama bin Laden (1957 – 2011) Ahman al-Zawarhiri Peace and Conflicts

Soviet Union (resistance to the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan) sponsored by the US, Saudi Arabia, Persian Gulf Governments the US, Saudi, Persian Gulf Governments Al-Qaeda’s targets Peace and Conflicts

Among the many victims of 9/11were 28 Muslims who died in the twin towers of the World Trade Center, in addition to three Muslims who were among the passengers on two hijacked planes. Among other Muslim victims, there were a NYPD cadet and a Marriott hotel worker, who sacrificed their lives attempting to rescue others. Muslims represent 1.07 percent of the total number of victims of the Sept. 11 attacks, which is the same percentage of Muslims in the United States. 9/11 Peace and Conflicts

Until very recently, TFB in Middle Eastern lands was committed mainly by Arab sub-national groups against other Arabs Suicide Terrorism p.57 Stereotype #1Muslim terrorists act against non-Muslim world Peace and Conflicts

Historically, it was launched by Jewish Zealots against Romans centuries before Islam Until very recently, suicide terrorism was used most frequently by Hindus – the Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka Stereotype #2Suicide terrorism was launched by Muslims and used mostly by them Peace and Conflicts

The US itself has supported right-wing terrorist groups, such as UNITA in Angola and the contras in Nicaragua. Stereotype #3The US is righteous fighter against terrorism Peace and Conflicts

The problem lies in neither Quran nor the Bible but in the violent behaviour of some Muslims, Christians and Jews Terrorism in the Name of God p.59 Peace and Conflicts

large and heavy armed high technology remain vulnerable (Counter)terrorism p.59-62 Asymmetric warfare • small and lightly-armed • low-tech • easily defeated in “set-piece battle” Peace and Conflicts

Counterterrorism often leads to unpredictable/undesirable results War on terrorism = war against Islam? Violent response to terrorism – give them what they want! Counterterrorism Peace and Conflicts

The Terrorism Industry and the Mass Media p.61 • Since 911, consultants(military intelligence, CIA) and advisers have contributed to a revived and influential “terrorism industry”(which also includes mercenaries and the purveyors of military hardware and services). • The mass media tend to follow the agenda framed by powerful political. Peace and Conflicts

The Global “War on Terrorism” p.62 • President Bush declared war on terror • After 911 terror, many Americans agreed with pronouncements that the U.S was “at war” with “terrorism”. • Promilitarists within the U.S and elsewhere have found the existence of “worldwide terrorism” to be especially convenient. • Terrorists are not manifested in the government of a particular country ☞such a “war” can never be definitively won. Peace and Conflicts

Are there Nonviolent Alternativesto Terrorism? p.66 • An alternative view also deserves respect. • Question: Are measures other than military more likely to diminish or to increase terrorism around the world? • United Nations(Negotiation) • Any others? Peace and Conflicts

Questions for Further Reflection Q2. In thinking about TFA by states and TFB by sub-national agents, are they comparable, or is one worse than the other? Why? Q4. Is the “War on Terrorism” a war? Are measures other than military more likely to diminish or to increase terrorism around the world? Q5. Why do people become “terrorists”? How might this be prevented? video Peace and Conflicts

"Instead of sending weapons to Afghanistan and all these countries which are suffering from terrorism, send books. Instead of sending tanks send pens. Instead of sending soldiers, send teachers." The ever inspiring Malala Yousafzai speaking this week at the UN at the first anniversary of Global Education First, which aims to put every child in school. Peace and Conflicts

Group Perspective of Chapter 3 Peace and Conflicts

In the group discussion…. Q. Discuss the definition of “terrorism” Q. What is the precautionary approach to terrorism ? ( Both TFA,TFB) Peace and Conflicts

THANK U

Terrorism Versus Counterterrorism