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Exercise and performance in the primary school setting. Today’s lecture. Comments of lab manuals Referencing Adaptations to exercise Fitness “testing” Thermoregulation Special considerations. Lab manuals. In general, very good Effort was obvious Need to be as specific as possible
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Today’s lecture • Comments of lab manuals • Referencing • Adaptations to exercise • Fitness “testing” • Thermoregulation • Special considerations
Lab manuals • In general, very good • Effort was obvious • Need to be as specific as possible • Keep asking- and why does that happen? • Grammar- “their” / “there” • Referencing
Referencing • Harvard- author/date system
Common errors • Changing order of authors to be alphabetical • Using journal name rather than author/date • Putting full reference in text • Not referencing bold claims
Ex Phys in primary school How is all of this stuff relevant??
Adaptations to exercise • Increased endurance in children largely believed to be inherited rather than trained • Same increases in lung volumes, plasma volume, left ventricular hypertrophy and vo2 max as adults. • However these things also increase naturally with age and growth • Therefore measurable increases in fitness may be a combination of both
Gains in skill- neuromuscular • Fearless • Lower centre of gravity • Means that they can more easily learn skills such as tumbling, skiing, board sports etc • Also critical time to develop fundamental motor skills • Motor neuron pathways
Muscle strength • Number of muscle fibres is fixed at birth • 1 yr – adolescence = increases 3-fold through hypertrophy • Increases in strength more likely than size • Active muscles = greater increase • Doesn’t mean lifting weights! • Means weight bearing exercise- running, aerobics anything out of water • And resistance exercise using body weight- push ups, sit ups, jumping etc
Heart rate • Decrease in RHR with increased fitness same as in adults • This activity allows kids to track the change in their hear rate, and you can explain what is happening as this occurs • Left ventricle increases ability to pump blood around to the muscles • Therefore it doesn’t have to pump as often to get the blood to go around • So a decrease in RHR is a direct representation of your heart getting stronger!
Fitness Testing? • Don’t call it “fitness testing!!!” • Focus on individual comparison and improvement • Gain a holistic understanding of fitness • Experience feeling of improving fitness • Needs to be done correctly • Self Esteem • Ensure privacy- secret!
ACHPER AFEA • Growth: Height and Weight, with Body Mass Index (BMI) calculated by the computer program. • CardiorespiratoryEndurance: Multi-Stage Fitness Test and 1.6 km run/walk. • Muscular Strength and Endurance: The Curl-up and the Basketball Throw. • Muscle and Joint Flexibility: The Sit and Reach Tests and Shoulder Stretch.
123 121 119 117 115 113 111 109 107 Vertical jump
Programmes • Kids should be active for an hour a day • Map out all school and after school activities to see if you are getting enough • Ensure that it is private • Suggest FUN stuff that counts as activity!
Thermoregulation Kids are at greater risk of overheating or overcooling Implications- • Appropriate sportswear • Drink breaks • Avoid exercise in direct sun • Look for signs hyper/hypo-thermia
Hypothermia- BT<35 degrees • Feeling cold • Cool, pale skin • Shivering • Loss of concentration, poor judgment • Loss of control over fine motor coordination – for example, the muscles of the fingers • Drowsiness • Lethargy • Confusion, irritability • Dizziness • Difficulty breathing • Loss of physical coordination, unsteady on feet • Stops shivering eventually • Slurred speech, speech difficulty • Slowed breathing • Dilated pupils • Coma • Death.
First aid for hypothermia • Don’t massage or rub the person. • Move the person out of the cold • Remove wet clothing • Try to warm the person • Share body heat • Don’t give alcohol • Do not leave the person alone • Continually monitor breathing • Don’t assume the person is dead
Hyperthermia- BT > 39 • Very high body temperature • Red, hot, dry skin (no sweating) • Dry swollen tongue • Rapid pulse • Throbbing headache • Dizziness, confusion, nausea • Eventual unconsciousness.
Preventing heat stress • Fitness - • Acclimatisation – • Avoid the hottest part of the day - start sporting activities before 9am or after 6pm during summer, avoid sport or exercise between 11am and 3pm. • Clothing - • Fluids - drink at least half a litre of fluids in the two hours before exercising. During your sport, aim to drink about 200ml every 20 minutes or so. Choose a specially formulated sports drink if your sporting event goes for more than an hour. After the game, drink around half a litre of water. • Rest breaks - frequent breaks in the shade allow the body to cool down. • Check for symptoms - be alert for the symptoms of heat stress or dehydration.
First aid for hyperthermia • Call triple zero (000) for an ambulance. • Try to cool them down- move to cool area, remove clothing, wet skin (not with ice) • Do not give the person fluids to drink. • Position an unconscious person on their side and clear their airway. • Monitor the body temperature and continue cooling efforts until the body temperature drops below 38°C.
Recommendations for normal weather Children may get overheated even in normal conditions • Exercise periods = 15-20 mins • Drink breaks - 75-100ml of water • Check anyone who looks over-heated should be checked.
Diabetics Blood Glucose levels • <4 mmol/L – Too low- give jelly beans/ juice etc • 4-6 mmol/L- Average • 12 mmol/L – Too high, but doesn’t require insulin yet • 15 mmol/L- Too high- requires insulin
Issues • Hypoglycaemia- To prevent, consume CHO within 30 min exercise • Post exercise late onset hypoglycaemia • Dehydration • Exercise 60-90 minutes after insulin injection • Watch for signs of hypoglycaemia (lethargy, slurring words etc) • Keep some glucose on hand- jelly beans or fruit juice
Bigger kids • Don’t assume they are unfit or unhealthy • Discourage all forms of comparison between kids • Vo2 max • Psychological/ motivational factors • PRE • Thermoregulation • Avoid bias • Increase chances of success in all students • Pedometers • Strength
Summary • Exercise physiology is relevant throughout the syllabus • Cross curricular • Use your discretion • There are some special considerations for kids • And special populations