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ELEVATORS

ELEVATORS. ENERGY PERFORMANCE. CONTENT. Introduction Survey Energy Consumption Green-Buildings Assessment Systems Energy Saving Technologies. Introduction. The Industrial Revolution brought with it a number of technological advancements, The Lift was one of those most important.

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ELEVATORS

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  1. ELEVATORS ENERGY PERFORMANCE

  2. CONTENT • Introduction • Survey • Energy Consumption • Green-Buildings Assessment Systems • Energy Saving Technologies

  3. Introduction • The Industrial Revolution brought with it a number of technological advancements, The Lift was one of those most important. • Led by ever growing needs in the industry, with the necessity of moving great amounts of raw materials, and the introduction of steel beam construction and increasingly taller buildings, lift technology evolved rapidly. • In 1880, the first Electric Motor was used to power a lift, by “Werner von Siemens”.

  4. Survey E4 Energy EfficientElevators and Escalators • ISR – University of Coimbra • ELA – The European Lift Association • ENEA – Italian National Agency for New Technologies • FhG‐ISI – The Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research • KAPE– The Polish National Energy Conservation Agency

  5. Survey E4 Energy EfficientElevators and Escalators • A survey was conducted with the collaboration of national lift and escalator manufacturers and installers associations. • A monitoring campaign was carried out to understand the energy consumption and energy efficiency of lifts and escalators in Europe. • A technological assessment was carried out concerning the existing technologies and the emerging energy efficient Ones.

  6. Survey • In 2009 a survey was conducted in 19 European countries – Germany, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, UK, Norway and Switzerland. • The purpose of this survey was to assist in the characterization of the installed base, according to the building type and basic characteristics of the installed units. • According to the surveys there are around 4,5 million lifts installed in the 19 countries surveyed.

  7. Survey Lift Distribution According to Building Type

  8. Survey Lift Distribution by Sector

  9. Energy Consumption • A total of 81 installations, were analyzed in the four countries under study: Germany, Italy, Poland, and Portugal. • For the measurement of the energy consumption of the lifts and escalators audited, and to ensure the repeatability of the measurements throughout the campaign, a methodology was developed, based on a specific documents. • “Draft International Standard ISO/DIS 25745‐1 Energy Performance of Lifts and Escalators – Part 1: Energy Measurement and conformance, 2008.”

  10. Energy Consumption

  11. Energy Consumption • For the Running mode, the reference measurement cycle for elevators, starting at the bottom landing, consists of: • Opening the Door. • Closing the Door. • Driving the car from the bottom landing to the top landing. • Opening the Door. • Closing the Door. • Driving the car from top landing to the bottom landing. • The total running energy consumption per one cycle is calculated using the recorded values of active power and time.

  12. Energy Consumption Travel cycle consumption of the lifts audited in the tertiary sector

  13. Energy Consumption • It is clear that there are large differences between the cycle consumption of the different lifts analyzed. • Even if this consumption is compared with lifts of the same rise height, velocity or nominal load, as there are a lot of factors to be included, such as lighting, type of control, etc. • For the Standby mode, The measured power consumption is due to the control systems, lighting, floor displays and operating consoles in each floor and inside the lift cabin.

  14. Energy Consumption Measured standby power in the lifts audited in the tertiary sector

  15. Energy Consumption • It is clear that standby consumption in lifts is a very important issue. Standby consumption represents between 4,2% and 90,2% of the overall consumption of the lift.

  16. Energy Consumption Annual Energy consumption of the lifts audited in the tertiary sector

  17. Energy Consumption • Annual Electricity Consumption of Lifts in Europe: • The E4‐methodology provides a method to estimate the annual energy consumption of the monitored installations. • The total electricity consumed by lifts is estimated to be 18,4 TWh, of which 6,7 TWh are in the residential sector, 10,9 TWh in the tertiary sector and only 810 GWh in the industrial sector. • About one third of the final energy consumption in the Community is used in the tertiary and residential sector, mostly in buildings.

  18. Green-Buildings Assessment Systems

  19. Green-Buildings Assessment Systems

  20. Green-Buildings Assessment Systems

  21. Green-Buildings Assessment Systems • Energy efficiency has not been a major market and technological driver in this sector. • Rising electricity prices have been a major contribution to the demand for more energy efficient solutions. • In some applications, electricity costs amount to many times the initial cost of the equipment and, therefore, investing in an energy efficient lift is often cost‐effective in high traffic applications. • The last few years have witnessed a change of course with companies introducing energy efficient technologies for competitive reasons and, at the same time, to help their customers save energy and money.

  22. Green-Buildings Assessment Systems

  23. Energy Saving Technologies • Energy efficient technological developments take different approaches that tackle different causes for inefficiencies in vertical transportation systems. These causes can be divided into two major groups: • Direct causes; are the ones that can be directly related to the equipment. The most common direct losses are: • Motor losses; • Transmission losses; • Friction losses; • Electric Losses (standby loads, doors, lights, fans, etc…); • Thermal Losses; • Indirect causes; are related to the operation of the equipment and are associated with user behavior or traffic management options.

  24. Energy Saving Technologies Traction Machine Previous Technology Modern Technology

  25. Energy Saving Technologies Traction Machine • Induction Motor

  26. Energy Saving Technologies Traction Machine • Induction Motor • The induction motor efficiency varies with the load. Motor efficiency drops sharply below 50% load (Low Power Factor) due to the constant load losses. • Ex: The Stator losses in the stator windings which I²R losses.

  27. Energy Saving Technologies Traction Machine • Geared Transmission System • In these lifts, a gearbox is used to reduce the shaft speed and produce the required torque to start the lift car moving. • Typically, worm gears have been the prevalent choice for the reduction of speed since they provide good shock absorption, quiet operation. However, their efficiency is relatively low (typically 60% ‐ 70%).

  28. Energy Saving Technologies Traction Machine • Motor Control Techniques: • The evolution of control techniques for induction motors has led to very reliable and accurate systems. • The most common types of motor drives in use today are: • Two‐speed AC motor • AC induction motor with Variable Voltage controller • AC induction motor with Variable Voltage Variable Frequency controller • AC Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor with Variable Voltage Variable Frequency controller

  29. Energy Saving Technologies Traction Machine • Motor Control Techniques: • Today, the most widely used drive system is the (VVVF) drive. It relies on the fundamental principle that the speed of an induction motor is directly linked with the supply frequency. • When combined with encoder feedback to measure slip, full motor torque becomes available even at very low speeds.

  30. Energy Saving Technologies Traction Machine • Motor Control Techniques: • Variable Voltage Variable Frequency (VVVF) drive, By varying the frequency and by keeping the voltage / frequency ratio constant, the speed‐torque curve is moved, maintaining a constant pull‐out torque and keeping a near unity power factor throughout the speed range.

  31. Energy Saving Technologies Traction Machine • Permanent Magnet Motors • Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSM) are rapidly becoming the leading motor technology. It presents many advantages, such as a simplified mechanical system for the lift, improved comfort, reduced noise and vibration, and energy savings. • Since these motors do not have windings in the rotor – instead, the magnetic field is provided by the magnets – they have less Joule losses than induction motors and the magnetic losses in the rotor are also much reduced. • The use of permanent‐magnets allows for a multipole arrangement, and the result is a more compact, higher efficiency high torque / low speed machine ideal for gearless lift applications

  32. Energy Saving Technologies Traction Machine • Permanent Magnet Motors Even though the present VVVF gearless technology is very energy efficient, the motor and drive efficiencies are usually less than 90%.

  33. Energy Saving Technologies Traction Machine Energy balance of lifts, Average energy consumption, percentage (source: Flender‐ATB‐Loher, Systemtechnik).

  34. Energy Saving Technologies Roping Systems • In lifts that use 2:1 roping schemes, the sheave must turn twice as much for the car to travel the same distance as in 1:1 roped lift. • With the 2:1 roping scheme the motor is only required to produce half of the torque of the 1:1 roping scheme. Therefore, requires a smaller motor to generate the torque required to move the car and allows for the elimination of the gearbox. • With these roping systems, loads on the rope is reduced to 1/2, hence the diameter and number of ropes can be reduced.

  35. Energy Saving Technologies Guide Rails & Shoes • Another cause for inefficiencies are the guide rails and shoes that ensure travel in a uniform vertical direction. Correct maintenance (e.g. alignment, lubrication) should be guaranteed to minimize the losses in these components.

  36. Energy Saving Technologies Guide Rails & Shoes Furthermore, when correctly maintained, the use of roller guides is preferred to the use of sliding guides. Tests show an effective coefficient of friction for roller guides of 0,03. With sliding guides, this friction can easily be 10 times as much, especially if the lubrication is not well maintained. Sliding guides can easily cause over 100 kg (1.000 N) of frictional losses in the system if it is not well balanced.

  37. Energy Saving Technologies Other Lift loads (standby loads, doors, lights, fans for ventilation, automatic controls, sensors) • In order to achieve energy savings in these loads, there are two possible approaches: to use equipment with better efficiency than the standard equipment used and to switch off such equipment when the lift is idle. • Lighting, in particular, is one of the loads that most contributes to the standby electricity consumption of lifts.

  38. Energy Saving Technologies Other Lift loads (standby loads, doors, lights, fans for ventilation, automatic controls, sensors) • Electronically controlled permanent magnet motors (EC motors) can achieve very high efficiencies and competitive prices in variable speed applications.

  39. Energy Saving Technologies Shaft Insulation Another cause for losses is that the lift shaft can facilitate thermal losses from the building. Correct insulation around the entire heated volume should be ensured to avoid such losses. The lift shaft and machine room should be well insulated

  40. Energy Saving Technologies Regenerative Drives Because it adds a significant cost to the installation, regeneration is not always cost‐effective, especially with reduced traffic in low‐ and mid‐rise buildings.

  41. Energy Saving Technologies Regenerative Drives • Regenerative Converter • The Regenerative Converter transmits the power regenerated by the traction machine via distribution transformer to the electrical network in the building. • Electricity recycling system for Elevators • is designed to store electricity generated during regular elevator operations. The electricity stored in nickel-hydrogen rechargeable batteries can be used as an auxiliary power supply for running elevators, providing approximately 20% power savings.

  42. Energy Saving Technologies Efficient Group Control Systems • This system selects the elevator in a group that best balances operational efficiency and energy consumption. Priority is given to operational efficiency during peak hours and energy efficiency during non-peak hours. • Through a maximum 10% reduction in energy consumption compared to our conventional system, this system allows building owners to cut energy costs without sacrificing passenger convenience.

  43. Energy Saving Technologies The estimation of the potential savings in lifts is made according to the previously described methodology by assuming two scenarios: 1. that the “Best Available Technologies” (BAT) are used, 2. That the “Best Not yet Available Technologies” (BNAT) are used. • E4 Project: Estimation of Potential Savings

  44. THANK YOU

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