بنام خدا عباس بهرامی عضو هیات علمی گروه بهداشت حرفه ای . دانشکده بهداشت دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کاشان

2. بنام خدا عباس بهرامی عضو هیات علمی گروه بهداشت حرفه ای . دانشکده بهداشت دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کاشان Bahrami_a@kaums.ac.ir

5. انتظار میرود در پایان جلسه دانشجو قادر باشد: 1- اجزای ترکیب طبیعی هوا را نام ببرد 2- تعریف آلودگی هوا را بیان کند 3- عوامل موثر بر انتشار آلودگیها را شرح دهد 4- منابع آلودگی هوا را نام ببرد. 5- انواع آلاینده های هوارا توضیح دهد.

6. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about 2 million premature deaths are caused each year due to air pollution in cities across the world.

8. A recent study has revealed that exposure to fine particle matter in polluted air increases the risk of hospitalization due to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases

10. The Atmosphere • 78 percent nitrogen • 21 percent oxygen • 0.09 percent Argon • Carbon Dioxide 0.03 percent • Trace elements 0.07 percent • Methane, ozone, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, etc... • Water vapor can range from 0 to 4%

11. Air Pollution Definition: The addition of harmful substances to the atmosphere resulting in damage to the environment, human health, and quality of life. Just one of many forms of pollution, air pollution occurs inside homes, schools, and offices; in cities; across continents; and globally. Ambient (outdoor) air pollution is the focus of this presentation.

12. Stratospheric Ozone 1 atm  101 kPa (From: Introduction to Environmental Engineering G. Masters, 2nd and 3rd eds.)

13. Causes of Air Pollution Coal Plants These plants let off small, airborne particles. These particles are known as soot. Sulfur Dioxides are also gases given off by these plants. Car Exhaust The exhaust that comes out of the tail pipe of a car contains carbon monoxide, an odorless, colorless gas, and Nitrogen Oxide. These gases are produced as the car burns gasoline. Factories Factories emit tons of harmful chemicals into atmosphere on a daily basis. Ammonia gases is just one emitted from these factories. Ozone Chemicals found in paint and hair spray create hazardous pollutants with highly toxic effects. These pollutants form the ground level ozone. Home

16. با تشکر از توجه شما عباس بهرامی

17. Air Pollution I

18. انتظار میرود در پایان جلسه دانشجو قادر باشد: 1- حوادث تاریخی ناشی از آلودگی هوا 2- اثرات آلاینده های هوا بر انسان ، حیوان ، گیاه و اموال را توضیح دهد. 3- استاندارد آلودگی هوا را شرح دهد. 4- شاخصهای آلودگی هوا را نام ببرد.

19. An active adult inhales 10,000 to 20,000 liters of air each day, or 7 to 14 liters every minute.

20. Types of Air Pollution Primary air pollutants:harmful chemicals that enter directly into the atmosphere. Secondary air pollutants:harmful chemicals that form from other substances in the atmosphere.

21. Examples of Catastrophic Air Pollution • 1911 in London - 1150 died from the effects of coal smoke. Author of the report coined the word smog for the mix of smoke and fog that hung over London. • 1952 in London - 4000 died from smog. • 1948 in Donora, Penn. Town of • 14,000 people - 20 died and 6000 • were ill from smog from the • community's steel mill, zinc smelter, • and sulfuric acid plant. • 1963 in New York City - 300 people died from air pollution.

22. London Smog 1952

23. London Smog 1952 In 13th century London - laws against burning outside because London was already heavily polluted since the middle ages

24. London Smog 1952

25. A Brief History • 1930s-60s: severe air pollution episodes: Meuse Valley, Belgium, Donora, Pennsylvania, London, U.K. • 1960s-70s: introduction of clean air legislation • 1970s-80s: significant reduction in ambient concentrations of many pollutants • 1980s, early 1990s: studies demonstrating adverse effects even at lower levels of exposure • Mid to late 1990s: large number of studies replicated findings worldwide • Late 1990s-present: evaluation of nuances of associations observed in epidemiological studies, effects of specific sources, biological mechanisms, long term effects

26. Local and Regional Pollution • Pollution sources tend to be concentrated in cities. • In the weather phenomenon known as thermal inversion, a layer of cooler air is trapped near the groundby a layer of warmer air above. Normal air mixingis greatly diminishedand pollutants remain trapped in the lower layer. • Smog is intense local pollution usually trapped by a thermal inversion.

27. This cloud of smog was typical of the skyline hovering over Los Angeles in the 1940s and 1950s.

28. تاريخچه و حوادث تاريخي آلودگي هوا ) حادثه دره ميوزبلژيك در روز اول دسامبر 1930 به علت وجود وارونگي هوا و تراكم آلاينده‌هاي خروجي از صنايع، اسيد سولفوريك، شيشه سازي و تهيه روي 60 نفرانسان و تعداد زيادي گاو و گوسفند تلف شدند. البته حالت وارونگي حدود 5 روز طول كشيده و بيشتر مرگ و ميرها در روزهاي چهارم و پنجم دسامبر گزارش شده است. غلظت SO2 هوا طي روز‌هاي فوق، تا 38 قسمت در ميليون بوده است.

29. Severe Air Pollution Episodes In 1948 in the steel-mill town of Donora, Pennsylvania, intense local smog killed 19 people. In 1952 in London over 3,000 people died in one of the notorious smog events known as London Fogs; in 1962 another 700 Londoners died in a similar event. Donora, PA at noon on Oct. 29, 1948 Deadly smog envelops the town.

30. دونورا پنسيلوانيا ـ آمريكا از 31 اكتبر 1948 حالت پايدار برفراز شهر دونورا مستقر گرديد وتراكم آلاينده‌ها كه عمدتا از صنايع فولاد ناشي مي‌شوند باعث بيماري 6000 نفر از جمعيت 12 هزار نفري شهر شد كه تعدادي هم بستري شدند. مرگ و مير‌ها در اين حادثه مشخص نشده است.

31. Denora, Pennsylvania 29 Oct 1948

32. لندن مه ـ دود (اسماگ) 5 تا 9 دسامبر 1952 لندن از معروفترين حوادث ناگوار آلودگي هوا است كه طي آن روز‌ها حدود 4000 نفر اضافه مرگ و مير به علت آلودگي هوا گزارش شده است. در اين حادثه نيز كه تراكم ذرات و انيدريد سولفورو به علت پديده وارونگي هوا افزايش يافته بود، مسئول مرگ و ميرها شناخته شده است. در كليه موارد فوق و ساير حوادث مشابه بيشتر قربانيان افراد مسن، بيماران ريوي و اطفال خردسال بوده اند.

33. Summer 2004 ICARTT Campaign (International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformations) http://www.al.noaa.gov/ICARTT/

35. http://www.epa.gov/airnow//health-prof/EPA_poster-final_lo-res.pdfhttp://www.epa.gov/airnow//health-prof/EPA_poster-final_lo-res.pdf

36. Health Effects of Air Pollution :Key Findings I Know more about short term effects: • More people die and are admitted to hospital for heart and lung problems on days with elevated levels of air pollution • These effects are the “tip of the iceberg” relative to other, milder effects • A variety of biological mechanisms have been identified for these effects • Effects found at levels previously thought to be safe • Effects observed using widely varying study designs: large scale population studies to controlled laboratory studies in humans/ animals

37. “Tip of the Iceberg” Adverse health effects that could be avoided every year by meeting the US EPA's daily maximum ozone standard (80 ppb 8-hr) in New York. Figure sections not drawn to scale. From Thurston 1997.

38. Health Effects of Exposure to Ozone and PM2.5 Ozone PM2.5 • coughing • nose and throat irritation • chest pain • reduced lung function • increased susceptibility to respiratory illness •aggravation of asthma •children and people with chronic lung disease are particularly at risk • increased risk of cardiac arrest and premature death • aggravation of asthma • respiratory related hospital visits • reduced lung function and chronic bronchitis • work and school absences • children and people with chronic lung disease are particularly at risk

39. Factors which “cause” asthma (asthma prevalence) • Hereditary • Exposure to contaminants • Cigarette smoke • Obeisty • Heigene • Air Pollution? • Factors which provoke asthma (asthma attack) • Cigarette Smoke • Biological - Pollen, Mold • Emotional Stress • Indoor Air Quality • Weather / Outdoor Air Quality

40. Effects of Air Pollution on Plants Air pollution commonly leads to oxidation damage of both crop plants and wild species.

41. Effects of Air Pollution on Plants Air pollution weakens plants by damaging their leaves, limiting the nutrients available to them, or exposing them to toxic substances slowly released from the soil. Quite often, injury or death of plants is a result of these effects of acid rain in combination with one or more additional threats.

42. Welfare Effects of Air Pollution

43. Effects of Pollution on Buildings For limestone, the acidic water reacts with the calcium to form calcium sulfate:CaCO3 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + 2H+ + CO32- The calcium sulfate is soluble so it is easily washed away during the next rain storm. Statue carved in 1702 photographed in 1908 (left) and 1969 (right).

44. Criteria Air Pollutants: Ozone • Unpleasant appearance in urban cities  photochemical smog • Deterioration of synthetic rubber, textiles, paints US EPA in How Stuff Works Website, http://science.howstuffworks.com/ozone-pollution.htm Gates Corporation http://www.gates.com/brochure.cfm?brochure=2833&location_id=3369

49. Major Pollutants • Hydrocarbons and Volatile Organic Compounds: Gasoline, paint, solvents, cleaning solutions. • Carbon Monoxide: Carbon Monoxide - highly poisonous gas … attaches to hemoglobin and won’t let go. • Nitrogen oxides - contribute to photochemical smog. Catalytic converters are designed to break this down.

50. Major Pollutants • Photochemical smog - ozone and hydrocarbons producing peroxyacetylnitrate. • Sulfur oxides - Poisonous gas to both plants and animals • Lead and other heavy metals • Photochemical oxidants - Toxic to plants and animals. Ozone is a “pollutant out of place”.