Mastering APA Citations Workshop: Essential Tips for Proper Source Referencing

1. APA Format American Psychological Association

2. Your APA Instructors: Candice Benjes-Small, Reference & Instructional Librarian, Associate Professor Theresa Burriss, LARC Director & English Assistant Professor

3. Please Note! When instructing students in APA citation, we refer to the official APA Manual 5th edition and APA Style Guide to Electronic Resources (2007). Because some professors may require exceptions to these guidelines, we urge you always to consult your professor to verify the citation.

4. Changes to Electronic Resources Style • Summer 2007 APA released revised and updated version of section 4.16 of the 5th edition manual • Our examples reflect these changes

5. Goals of workshop • Why we cite sources • How to cite in APA in works cited list • How to write in-text citations

6. Why cite? • Credibility • Source retrieval • Ethics

7. Always cite quotes, paraphrases, summaries, ideas • Integrate your sources into the text in a readable, logical, interesting way • Citations should get reader to bibliographic entry • Bibliography is alphabetized

8. Example Article Citation Burriss, T., & Benjes-Small, C. M. (2007). APA the easy way: Learning by example. Journal of Applied Language Arts, 73(2), 50-56.

9. Online Articles • No longer need a retrieval date • No longer need to list library database • Always include the issue number • Include DOI if available

10. What’s a DOI? • A DOI is a unique alpha-numeric string assigned by a registration agency (Crossref.org) to provide a persistent link to an online article • Often located on the first page of the article- if it’s in PDF

11. Example

12. Close-up of Example

13. What is NOT a DOI? • Database numbers

14. Example Online Article with a DOI (from a library database or Website) Stultz, J. (2006). Integrating exposure therapy in trauma treatment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(4), 482-488. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.482

15. DOI Problems • Not all articles have DOIs • Mostly psychology and biology • Not all DOIs seem to work • Only seen them in PDFs, not HTML

16. Online Article, No DOI(from library database) Whittaker, T. (2005). A comparison of student achievement and satisfaction in an online versus a traditional face-to-face statistics class. Innovative Higher Education, 29(3), 233-255.

17. Online Article, No DOI(from Website) Trent, J. M., & Touchman, J. W. (2007). The gene topography of cancer. Science, 318(5853), 1079-1080. Retrieved from http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/ content/summary/318/5853/1079

18. Harder to Cite • Web items • Websites • Blog entries • YouTube videos • Difficulties • Often no author • Often no date • Varying amount of information available

19. Web Citations • If the page is part of a larger Website, identify the host organization • If there’s no author, start with the page title and move the date to the 2nd slot • If there’s no date, use (n.d.) • If the URL is too long to fit on one line, try and break it at a slash

20. Sample Web Citations Brainard, B. (n.d.) Puns to make a macho man cry.Retrieved February 5, 2007, from http://www.brainard.com/puns.html Ryan Seacrest nervous about how audiences will respond to slightly shorter haircut. (2007). Retrieved February 7, 2007, from The Onion Website: http://www.theonion.com/content/ news_briefs/ryan_seacrest_nervous_about

21. In-Text Citations • Used within the paper to give attribution • Quotes • Paraphrases • Summaries • Serves as cross reference to Works Cited list

22. In-Text Citations • First time cited, must include author, year and page number (if applicable) Students “performed at a higher level when enrolled in a traditional face-to-face class than through an online class” (Whittaker, 2005, p. 234).

23. Another way: According to Whittaker (2005), students “performed at a higher level when enrolled in a traditional face-to-face class than through an online class” (p. 234).

24. In-Text Citations • Subsequent citations to the same work do not need year (unless there are multiple items by same author) Whittaker hypothesized that the students in the physical classroom “learned more by just showing up” (p. 260).

25. In-Text Citations for Summaries • When you are summarizing a work, you do not include the page number. • Many disciplines do not use quotes. The chimpanzee Nim was raised by researchers who trained him in American Sign Language by molding and guiding his hands (Terrace, Petitto, Sanders, & Bever, 2001).

26. Multiple Authors • If more than 3 authors, cite all in first citation • Subsequent citations to the same work should have first author followed by et al. The chimpanzee Nim was raised by researchers who trained him in American Sign Language by molding and guiding his hands (Terrace et al.).

27. In-Text Citation with No Author Ryan Seacrest has assured his fans that his new hair style will still be fun and youthful (“Ryan Seacrest,” 2007). • If you are quoting an online source without page numbers, use paragraph numbers. Example: (Martin, 2006, para. 5).

28. For more help • LARC • larc@radford.edu • Set up an appointment to meet with a writing tutor • http://www.radford.edu/larc

29. For more help • McConnell Library • IM: RULibSpot • E-mail: refdesk@radford.edu • APA Color-Coded Guide: http://lib.radford.edu/Resources/handouts/styleguides-apa.asp (From library homepage, click Find Articles & More, APA Info on right)

30. Other Sources • An APA manual • Any college handbook • Reputable APA websites • Your professor