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Models of Psychopathology

Explore various models of psychopathology, including multidimensional and unidimensional models. Delve into biological, psychological, social, and developmental factors influencing mental disorders. Gain insights into neurotransmission, brain structures, and the endocrine system. Examine the implications of neuroscience on disorders like depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia. Unravel the interplay between cultural, social, and interpersonal influences on abnormal behavior within the comprehensive model.

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Models of Psychopathology

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  1. Models of Psychopathology • Unidimensional Models • One Cause of a Disorder • Multidimensional Models • Multiple, Linear Causes • Diathesis-Stress Model • Reciprocal Models • Reciprocal Gene-Environmental Model

  2. Contributing Factors • Biological Factors • Genetics • Other organic factors • Psychological Factors • Cognition • Behavior • Emotion

  3. Contributing Factors (2) • Social Factors • Interpersonal • Familial • Siocioeconomic • Cultural Factors • Norms • Beliefs • Developmental Factors

  4. Biological Factors • Neuronal Structure and Function • Brain Structure and Function • Nervous System Structure • Fight or Flight Reaction

  5. Neurons • Structure of Neurons • Soma • Dendrites • Axon • Axon terminals • Synapses • Electrochemical Communication • Action Potential • Neurotransmitters

  6. Neurotransmission

  7. How Neurotransmitters Work

  8. Neurons

  9. Function of Neurotransmitters (and Medication) • Agonists, Antagonists, Inverse Agonists • Serotonin (Many, SSRIs) • Widespread, esp. in cortex • Behavior, mood, thought • GABA (Benzodiazepines) • Anxiety and stress reduction • Muscle relaxation • Reduced arousal and emotion (increased passivity)

  10. Function of Neurotransmitters (and Medication) (2) • Norepinephrine (Autonomic Functions) • aka noradrenaline • Indirect effects • Dopamine • Overlap with Serotonin Circuits • Motor behavior • Exploratory, Pleasure-Seeking • Schizophrenia (too much) • Parkinson’s Disease (too little)

  11. Brain Structure • Three Main Divisions • Hindbrain • Midbrain • Forebrain

  12. Divisions of the Brain • Hindbrain • Medulla – Heart rate, blood pressure, respiration • Pons – Regulates sleep stages • Cerebellum – Involved in physical coordination • Midbrain • Coordinates movement with sensory input • Contains parts of the reticular activating system (RAS) • Forebrain (Cerebral Cortex) • Location of most sensory, emotional, and cognitive processing • Two hemispheres joined by the corpus callosum

  13. Brain Structures

  14. Lobes of Cerebral Cortex • Frontal • Thinking and reasoning abilities, memory • Parietal • Touch recognition • Occipital • Integrates visual input • Temporal • Recognition of sights and sounds and long-term memory storage

  15. Cerebral Cortex Lobes

  16. Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex

  17. Peripheral Nervous System • Somatic Branch of PNS • Controls voluntary muscles and movement • Autonomic Branch of the PNS • Sympathetic • Parasympathetic

  18. Autonomic Nervous System

  19. The Endocrine System • Hormones • The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenalcortical Axis (HYPAC axis) • Integration of endocrine and nervous system function

  20. Implications of Neuroscience for Psychopathology • Connection Between Neurological Processes and Abnormal Behavior • Obsessive Compulsive Disorder • Depression • Anxiety • Schizophrenia • Others… • All Disorders?

  21. Implications (cont.) • Causal Connection? • Experience Can Change Brain Structure and Function • Medications and Psychotherapy Can Change Brain Structure and Function • “Filling Fallacy” • Cavities caused by lack of metal in tooth • Headache caused by lack of aspirin • Beware of the typical assumption

  22. Beyond Biological Factors • Cultural Factors • Influence the form and expression of normal and abnormal behavior • Culture-bound Syndromes • Amok, Koro, Witiko, Hikikomori, Latah • Anorexia Nervosa • Gender Effects • Exerts a strong and puzzling effect on psychopathology

  23. Beyond Biological Factors (2) • Social Relationships • Frequency and quality related to mortality, disease, and psychopathology • Interpersonal Psychotherapy • Psychopathology Is Culturally, Socially, and Interpersonally Situated

  24. Beyond Biological Factors (3) • Life-Span Developmental Perspective • Addresses developmental changes • Such changes influence and constrain what is normal and abnormal

  25. The Comprehensive Model • Genobiochemiconeuropsychocogno-behavioroemotionofamiliosocio-environmentopoliticoeconomico-culturodevelopmental Model

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