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ANCIENT ROME

Geography of Rome. Midpoint on the Italian PeninsulaTiber River ? access to the Tyrrhenian SeaAccess across the Mediterranean SeaApennines provided protection, bit did not isolate as in GreeceVillage of Rome built upon seven hills. Etruscan and Italian Impact on Development of the Republic. Lat

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ANCIENT ROME

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    1. ANCIENT ROME

    2. Geography of Rome Midpoint on the Italian Peninsula Tiber River – access to the Tyrrhenian Sea Access across the Mediterranean Sea Apennines provided protection, bit did not isolate as in Greece Village of Rome built upon seven hills

    3. Etruscan and Italian Impact on Development of the Republic Latins – Settled on Palatine Hill Considered the first Romans Etruscans (c. 1000 BC) Roman gods and goddesses Introduced the arch Monarchy based on Etruscan government Military – Phalanx Social Classes Patricians Plebeians Greeks (700s BC) Written language Originally from Etruscans

    4. Roman Republic Government Balanced Government: Two Branches Legislative –Three assemblies Tribal assembly (Democratic) Plebian voice in government Eventually chief law making body Curiate assembly Oldest of assemblies, status based on family associations, obsolete as legislative body Centuriate assembly In charge of military order, highest appeal in capital punishment

    5. Roman Republic Government (cont…) Executive Senate (Aristocratic) Appointed for life Legislative and Executive Two Consuls (Monarchial) One year term, couldn’t be elected again until 10 years after a term, could veto other consul’s decisions In charge of army and directors of government Dictator (Monarchial) Takes over both branches and command of the army Appointed during crisis Term is six months or until crisis ends

    6. Roman Military Military was of great value All property owning citizens required to serve Ten years service required for certain political office positions Organized into legions 5,000 soldiers with a cavalry 80 men = century Great organization and skill key to Rome’s success

    7. The Punic Wars Three Punic Wars Between Rome and Carthage First Punic War (264 BC – 241 BC) Control of Sicily and Western Mediterranean Rome wins but loses 250,000 men and 500 ships Second Punic War (218 BC – 201 BC) Hannibal wanted revenge for defeat in first war Led army through Alps Marched army through Italy destroying everything Rome still comes out on top Scipio defeats Hannibal battle at Zama (202 BC)

    8. The Punic Wars (cont…) Third Punic War (149 BC – 146 BC) Destroy any threat Carthage had left Burned and salted whole city 50,000 inhabitants sold into slavery Made into a Roman province Lesson to be learned? Rome is omnipotent Don’t mess with the Romans If you do you will lose

    9. Collapse of the Republic Republic faced many problems Expanded too rapidly Rich got richer, poor got poorer Military unraveled loyalty of soldiers shifted Growth of large estates Rise in slavery (1/3 of population) Growth of the urban poor Civil war broke out First Triumvirate rules during transition between the Republic and the Empire

    10. 1st Triumvirate Three men take over joint control of Republic All three in triumvirate for selfish reasons Julius Caesar (the military) Wanted to win glory, fame and wealth Elected consul for one year (59 BC) with help of triumvirate Appointed governor of Gaul (58-50 BC) Led his legions to conquer all of Gaul Earned soldiers loyalty and devotion

    11. 1st Triumvirate (cont…) Pompey (the politician) Wanted land for self and troops Feared Caesar’s growing success Had senate order Caesar to come back to Rome (50 BC) Caesar refused Caesar led army across Rubicon River to defeat Pompey Caesar returns home Crassus (the money) Wanted financial profits and more political power Died in 53 BC during military campaign

    12. Julius Caesar Senate named him dictator for life (44 BC) Gave Roman citizenship to people in provinces Expanded senate Created jobs through construction of new public buildings Increased soldiers pay People without land could own property in colonies Concerns arose about Caesar’s growing power and popularity Assassinated in senate chamber by 23 senators Stabbed him to death

    13. 2nd Triumvirate Political struggle between three men after the death of Caesar Mark Antony – (the politician) Marcus Lepidus – (the money) Gaius Octavianus – Octavian (the military) Joined power and had 300 senators involved in death of Caesar put to death Main conspirators Brutus and Cassius flee east Both commit suicide after being defeated in the Battle of Philippi by Antony and Octavian (42 BC)

    14. 2nd Triumvirate (cont…) Divided territories amongst the three of them Soon turned on one another Octavian defeats Lepidus who then retires Octavian defeats Antony allied with Queen Cleopatra of Egypt (31 BC) Both commit suicide after defeat

    15. Augustus (31 BC – AD 14) Out of fear, senate named Octavian, Augustus “venerable or revered one” First emperor of Rome Beginning of Pax Romana – “Roman Peace” Introduced many reforms Stabilized frontier Glorified Rome with public buildings Created a long lasting government system Civil Service Paid workers to manage government affairs Tax collection, Postal system, Grain supply

    16. Roman Religion “Religio” – “Something that binds” Division of Two Spirits Watched over people, families, and households Paterfamilias in charge of how household worshipped to honor the spirits Roman Gods Priests paid tributes to gods on behalf of Rome Worshipped to get blessings and bring prosperity to themselves, their families, and communities Didn’t demand moral behavior, but perfection of rituals

    17. Roman living conditions Only richest Romans lived the fancy life Domus – house built around an unroofed courtyard (Atrium) Atrium was the living area; Domus around it held bedrooms, bathrooms, kitchen, dining room etc. Some had two homes (City and Countryside) Most lived in dangerous, cramped, and smelly housing “Insulae” – small shops in which the owner lived behind the work area Rarely had sanitation, running water, or heating

    18. Roman Women Materfamilias – “Mother of the Family” Usually married very young Managed the household Upper class materfamilias assisted their husbands career Behaved with modesty, dignity, and grace Didn’t marry for love Decided on partner who would increase wealth or social status of the family Considered independent if given birth to three live babies

    19. Roman Children Paterfamilias decided whether or not to keep a baby Baby was placed on the ground by midwife If he picks it up – formally accepted into the family If he doesn’t pick it up – leave it to be taken into slavery Usually happened to deformed babies or if the family couldn’t support another child Infant mortality rate high in first century – 25% Half of the remaining would die before age 10

    20. Life and Teachings of Jesus Born c. 6-4 BC in Bethlehem, Raised in Nazareth Was baptized as a Jew by John the Baptist He preached, taught through storytelling, and performed miracles Taught monotheism; the Ten Commandments Every person had a relationship with God Eternal kingdom in Heaven after death Stressed that every human love one another, enemy or not Crucified and then rose to be seen by the masses

    21. Jesus’ Apostle Paul First official Christian Dedicated last half of his life spreading Jesus’ teachings Able to travel the Roman roads Bilingual Wrote the Epistle’s Taught the universality of Christianity Anyone can be Christian All people equal Jesus was the son of God and died for our sins Anyone can go to heaven as long as they are sincerely sorry for their sins

    22. Early Church Structure and Figures Structure similar to Roman empire hierarchy Leader of whole Christian Church - Pope (Simon) Peter was the first pope Oversaw several congregations - Bishop Local congregation - Priest Constantine – First Christian emperor Edict of Milan – End of Christian persecution Theodosius – Christianity official religion Nicene Creed – Basic Christian beliefs Saint Augustine of Hippo – The City of God City of God can never be destroyed

    23. Jewish Revolt and Diaspora Zealots revolt against Rome in AD 66 Romans destroyed Temple Complex in Jerusalem in AD 70 Zealots hold out at Masada in AD 73 Jews attempt to break free again in AD 132 Over 1 million Jews killed all incidents combined Religion survived but most Jews were driven into exile for 1,800 years

    24. Diocletian Became emperor of Rome in AD 284 Limited personal freedoms Doubled size of Roman army Set fixed prices to control inflation Presented himself as godlike restore faith in political office Divided empire into two East and West Stepped down in AD 305 Civil war ensued

    25. Constantine Gained control of western half of empire in AD 312 – credited the Christian God AD 313 – Edict of Milan: end of Christian persecution AD 324 – Rome under one ruler once again Moved capitol from Rome to Byzantium in AD 330, Later renamed it Constantinople Led to many outside invasions of the west and Rome

    26. Causes of the Decline of the Empire End of Marcus Aurelius’ reign = End of Pax Romana Pirates on the Mediterranean Sea disrupted trade Couldn’t expand any farther – no new sources of wealth Increased taxes; Inflation and rise in prices No interest in military – Mercenaries not loyal Citizens needs not being met; become apathetic Capital moved from Rome to Byzantium – leads to multiple invasions Persecution of Christians

    27. Attempted Solutions to the Crisis Diocletian Limited personal freedoms Doubled the size of the Roman Army Set fixed prices & stopped people from leaving their jobs Tried to make political office more appealing Put on elaborate ceremonies to make him seem godlike Divided the empire into East and West to try to better manage it Constantine Brought empire back under one ruler Edict of Milan

    28. Germanic Invasions Germanic tribes had been gathered at Roman borders since Julius Caesar AD 370 – Huns moved into the empire and destroyed everything in their paths The other tribes followed suit in attempt to flee from the Huns Western borders unprotected; plundered for three days Leader of Huns – Attila 100,000 soldiers attacked 70 cities Unable to take Rome – famine and disease Invasions continued even after Attila’s death in AD 453

    29. Legacy of Rome 14 year old Romulus Augustulus was the last emperor of Rome Fell to German forces in AD 476 Western half of empire disappeared Eastern half became the Byzantine Empire Flourished, preserving Greek and Roman culture for 1,000 years Fell to the Ottoman Turks in AD 1453 The ideas, customs, and institutions of Rome still have an influence on civilization today

    30. Legacy of Rome (cont…) The Latin Language Remained language of learning long after the fall of rome Official language of Roman Catholic Church French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and Romanian and English all derived from Latin Architecture – very practical State capital buildings have Roman features The Arch and the Dome Aqueducts – brought water to city through arches Many of the Roman roads lasted through the Middle Ages and are still used today

    31. Timeline of the Republic BC 753: Twins Romulus and Remus found Rome 509: King Tarquin thrown from power Beginning of Roman Republic 451: Twelve Tables – First set of written laws 265: Rome conquered almost all of Italy 264-241: First Punic War – Sicily and Western Mediterranean 218-202: Second Punic War – Hannibal’s Revenge 149-146: Third Punic War – Destroy Carthage 60: First Triumvirate formed – Caesar, Crassus, Pompey

    32. Timeline of the Empire BC 44: Caesar named dictator for life Caesar assassinated 43: Second Triumvirate formed – Octavian, Lepidus, Antony 27: Octavian (Augustus) becomes emperor 27 BC – AD 108: Pax Romana c. 6-4 BC: Jesus’ birth AD 66: Zealots revolt against Rome 70: Romans destroy Temple Complex in Jerusalem 284: Diocletian becomes emperor 312: Constantine takes over western half of empire 313: Constantine – Edict of Milan 324: Constantine secures rest of empire 330: Capital moved from Rome to Byzantium 370: Huns start to invade Roman territories 380: Theodosius – Christianity official religion of Rome

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    34. Bibliography (cont…) “Illumination from manuscript of St. Augustine’s ‘City of God.’” Encyclopedia Britannica. 9 Dec. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/?EBchecked/?topic-art/?119060/?19527/?Illumination-from-the-manuscript-of-St-Augustines-City-of-God>. Kamm, Antony. “Gaius Marius (157-86 BC) & the Reform of the Roman Army.” The Romans. Taylor and Francis Books. 8 Dec. 2008 <http://www.the-romans.co.uk/?marius.htm>. Kelber, Werner H. “Western Culture as Communications History.” Rice University. 20 Mar. 2001. 9 Dec. 2008 <http://www.rice.edu/?projects/?code/?presentat/?kelberpres.html>. Knox, Dr. Ellis L. History of Western Civilization. Course home page. Dept. of History, Boise State University. 7 Dec. 2008 <http://history.boisestate.edu/?WESTCIV/?punicwar/?04.shtml>. Lendering, Jona. “Triumvir.” Livius: Articles on Ancient History. 9 Dec. 2008 <http://www.livius.org/?to-ts/?triumvir/?triumvir.html>. McDougal Littell. “Ancient Rome and Early Christianity.” World History. 2007. McNeese, Tim. “The Life and Death of Julius Caesar.” The Romans. 1999. McNeese, Tim. “The Origins of Rome.” The Romans. 1999. McNeese, Tim. “The Second Triumvirate.” The Romans. 1999. “Religion.” The Roman Empire. Devillier Donegan Enterprises. 9 Dec. 2008 <http://www.pbs.org/?empires/?romans/?empire/?religion.html>. Rodrigo, Silva, and Rodrigo Silva. “Roman Empire: Just a Small Fraction of the Beast.” The Beast from the East. 28 Oct. 2008. 9 Dec. 2008 <http://www.beastfromtheeast.org/?mapEWRomanEmpire.jpg>. “Romulus Augustulus.” The Roman Empire. 9 Dec. 2008 <http://www.roman-empire.net/?collapse/?romulus.html>. Seindal, René. “Forum Romanum.” Photo Archive. 6 Aug. 2003. 26 Nov. 2008 <http://sights.seindal.dk/?sight/?4_Forum_Romanum.html>. “Statue of Emperor Constantine.” dkimages. 7 Dec. 2008 <http://www.dkimages.com/?discover/?DKIMAGES/?Discover/?Home/?Geography/?Europe/?Italy/?Northwest-Italy/?Lombardy/?Milan/?Abbeys-Churches-Cathedrals/?San-Lorenzo-Maggiore/?Statue-of-Emperor-Constantine/?Statue-of-Emperor-Consta-1.html>. “St. Peter’s Basilica - St. Peter’s Basilica Information and Pictures.” Go There Guide. Art Branch Inc. 26 Nov. 2008 <http://www.gothereguide.com/?st+peters+basilica+rome-place/>. “Weddings, Marriage & Divorce.” The Romans. 11 Dec. 2008 <http://www.pbs.org/?empires/?romans/?empire/?family.html>.

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