1.4 Social Significance and Implications of Computer Systems created By: Deya Banisakher

1. 1.4 Social Significance and Implications of Computer Systemscreated By: Deya Banisakher

2. 1.4.1 Social and Economic Implications of Installation of New Systems • Main Benefit: • The main benefit that is occurred by introducing a new system to work with or instead of the old system, is the forms of cost saving such as reducing the time to get a specific work done, serving a customer in a company, or even security issues in some place.

3. The negative side: • Loss of work: • Direct: Replacing the old system (employees) by the new System. • Indirect: By being unable to adapt to change, or to gain training in newer technologies. • Divisions in society between poorly qualified (and less employable) people and better-educated ones. • These divisions also extend to communities and countries.

4. Based on the specific methods of change over given in section 1.1.8, we could summarize the social and economic implications as follows:

5. 1.4.2 Social Significance and Implications of the Widespread use of computers • Economic consequences: • Competitions between countries on better ways of producing products, will cause in unemployment in the less competitive country between those in the competition field. • Huge changes to towns, cities and lifestyles, out of the big use of high new technologies like Smart phones and their uses. • Software piracy: not a direct consequence, but one industry that has sprung in certain parts of the world.

6. Political consequences: The OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) has proposed a number of principles which should apply to data held about people: • Collection Limitation Principle: There should be limits to the collection of personal data and it should be obtained by lawful means. • Data Quality Principle: Personal data should be relevant to the purposes for which they are to be used, should be accurate, complete and kept up-to-date. • Purpose Specification Principle: The purpose for which personal data are collected should be specified not later than at the time of data collection.

7. Use Limitation Principle: Personal data should not be disclosed, made available or otherwise used for purposes other than those specified in accordance with the last principle except: • With the consent of the data subject; or • By the authority of law. • Security Safeguards Principle: Personal data should be protected against such risks as loss or unauthorized access, destruction, use, modification or disclosure of data. • Openness Principle: There should be a general policy of openness about developments, practices and policies with respect to the personal data.

8. Individual Participation Principle: An individual should have the right: • to obtain from a data collector, or otherwise, confirmation of whether or not the data collector has data relating to him. • To have communicated to him, data relating to him: • Within a reasonable time; • At a charge, if any, that is not excessive; • In a reasonable manner, and • In a form that is readily intelligible to him. • To be given reasons if a request made under subparagraphs(a) and (b) is denied, and to be able to challenge such denial; and • To challenge data relating to him and, if the challenge is successful, to have the data erased, rectified, completed or amended.

9. Accountability Principle: A data controller should be accountable for complying with measures which give effect to the principles stated previously. • The increasing amount of personal data held about citizens on governmental or private computer systems has led considerable legislation on data protection based on these guidelines.

10. Cultural consequences: • One of the effects of the growth of computer systems has been the spread of the English language via software and operating systems. With language comes culture and cultural bias (some would say cultural “imperialism”). After all, not all cultures read text from left to right or top to bottom of a page. • The computer also offers much in the way of passive entertainment so there are fears that young people spend too much time online or playing computer games. Of course,, the internet offers an ideal way for people to find out more about other cultures and to meet people from other countries online in chat rooms.

11. Environmental consequence: • Computers use large amount of energy, although the main power drain does come from the monitor and two developments have helped reduce this. The first is the use of power settings which allow the monitor to sleep after a short time interval. The second is the increasing affordability of low power consumption LED screens. • Use of paper and ink, which needs the use of chemicals and cutting down trees in rainforests. • One environmental benefit is that the ability to communicate in many ways and in many places at the same time reduced automobile or airplane journeys.