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Monetary Policy

Monetary Policy. The Price Level is determined by:. The relationship between the amount of money in circulation and the amount of goods and services in the economy. MV = PQ. Banks lend $5 which will buy a basket of goods and services. $5.

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Monetary Policy

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  1. Monetary Policy

  2. The Price Level is determined by: The relationship between the amount of money in circulation and the amount of goods and services in the economy. MV = PQ

  3. Banks lend $5 which will buy a basket of goods and services $5

  4. Borrowers repay $5 which no longer buys the same basket of goods and services. $500

  5. Lenders hate inflation! IOU $5 $500

  6. How does soft money affect prices? • The supply of silver or greenbacks is greater than the supply of gold. • The greater the money supply, the less the price/value of each dollar. • If the supply of money increases, prices go up, each dollar buys less. • With inflation, lenders are repaid in less valuable dollars. They lose.

  7. Lenders lose purchasing power because dollars they are repaid are less powerful than those they loaned Borrowers gain purchasing power because dollars they repay are less powerful than those they borrowed Winners and Losers

  8. The Money Supply • Coins, currency, demand deposits, and other negotiable accounts in the hands of the NON-BANK public.

  9. FED actions • To stimulate the economy, increase the money supply • To contract the economy, decrease the money supply

  10. Three tools of monetary policy • Discount rate • Reserve requirement • Open market operations

  11. Increase the money supply Lower the discount rate Lower the reserve requirement Buy bonds Decrease the money supply Raise the discount rate Raise the reserve requirement Sell bonds How the FED influences the money supply

  12. Jefferson and Hamilton • Jefferson’s political philosophy • Hamilton’s political philosophy • Why would Jefferson be against a central bank? • Why would Hamilton be for a central bank?

  13. Oz and the Election of 1896

  14. Bryan and McKinley • The Cross of Gold • Greenbacks or silver

  15. Hard Money gold prevents inflation benefits lenders Republicans favor it Soft Money silver or greenbacks causes inflation benefits borrowers Democrats favor it Hard vs Soft Money

  16. The Logic • Soft Money (greenbacks or silver) causes inflation • Hard money (gold) causes price stability or deflation • Borrowers (farmers and workers)like soft money Lenders (bankers) like hard money

  17. Helped and Hurt by Unanticipated Inflation • The eastern bankers - lenders • Western farmers - borrowers • Industrial workers - borrowers

  18. Measurements of Inflation • Consumer Price Index • Producer Price Index • Implicit Price Deflator

  19. Main Points • The price level is determined by the relationship between the amount of goods and services in the economy and the amount of money • Unanticipated inflation helps debtors and hurts creditors • The FED influences the money supply through the discount rate, reserve requirement, and open market operations. • Changes in the money supply influence aggregate demand.

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