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The Protestant Reformation

The Protestant Reformation. Causes of the Reformation. 100 Years War and Black Death Scientific Advances which contradicted the Church The Corruption within the Catholic Church. What was the Protestant Reformation?.

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The Protestant Reformation

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  1. The Protestant Reformation

  2. Causes of the Reformation • 100 Years War and Black Death • Scientific Advances which contradicted the Church • The Corruption within the Catholic Church

  3. What was the Protestant Reformation? • Prior to the Reformation all Christians were Roman Catholic (aside from Orthodox) • The [REFORM]ation was an attempt to REFORM the Catholic Church • People like Martin Luther wanted to get rid of the corruption and restore the people’s faith in the church

  4. What was the Protestant Reformation? • In the end the reformers, like Luther, established their own religions • The Reformation caused a split in Christianitywith the formation of these new Protestant religions

  5. What was the Protestant Reformation? CHRISTIANITY PROTESTANT CATHOLIC

  6. The Reformers • Martin Luther • John Calvin • Henry VIII

  7. Martin Luther • Lived from 1483-1546 in Germany • Father encouraged him to study law • A sudden religious experience inspired him to become a monk

  8. Martin Luther • He became troubled over the possibility of not going to heaven • He turned to the Bible, and confession for comfort • In the Bible he found the answer he was looking for

  9. 1. Need for Reform • Church being accused of being too worldly (political) • Popes vs. Emperors • Sale of Indulgences • Money = forgiveness of sins • Signals corruption of Church

  10. 2. Martin Luther • Monk in HRE who believed: • Good works (fasting, prayer, indulgences) did not ensure salvation • God alone grants salvation • Wrote 95 Thesis • Questions for debate • Called for reform within the Church • Denounced selling of Indulgences

  11. 3. Luther’s teachings • 3 main ideas • “Faith Alone” • Bible only guide – no Pope • Individual – examine bible for oneself

  12. 4. Impact of Luther’s Reforms • 95 thesis spread rapidly by? Printing Press • Huge support in Germany • Protestantism develops • Many rulers reclaimed church property! • Gains support in Germany from this • Peace of Augsburg • Individual rulers determine religion within Holy Roman Empire

  13. Luther's 95 Theses • A list of things he thought were wrong with the Catholic Church (95 Complaints) • He criticized: • The Power of the Pope • The Extreme Wealth of the Church • Indulgences (Catholic concept of Salvation)

  14. Luther's 95 Theses • Gutenberg’s Printing Press made it possible for Luther to spread his beliefs • Posted his 95 Theses on Church doors in Germany • Gained support from people and criticism from Church

  15. The first thing printed on Gutenberg’s press was the Bible. • This is a picture of a page from one of Gutenberg’s Bibles.

  16. Luther on Trial • The Diet of Worms • 1520 Pope Leo X order Luther to give up his beliefs • Luther burned the order and was excommunicated • Luther went into hiding where he translated the New Testament into German – spreading his beliefs even further

  17. Pope Leo X (Medici) • He was the Pope during the height of the corruption

  18. Luther prepares to burn Pope's orders

  19. Acceptance of Reforms • Some Local German Churches accepted Luther’s ideas • Lutheranism was formed • Supported by German Princes who issued a formal “protest” against the Church for suppressing the reforms • The reformers came to be known as [PROTEST]ants - Protestants

  20. John Calvin “May little chickens dig out your eyes 100,000 times.” - Calvin speaking to another reformer whose ideas he disagreed with

  21. John Calvin • Anti-Catholic • Influenced by Martin Luther • Disagreed with Luther’s “Salvation through faith alone.” • Created his own Protestant religion in Switzerland

  22. Predestination • Calvin believed in: • Salvation through Predestination • At birth it is decided if you will go to heaven or hell

  23. Calvin believed in: • Foreknowledge • God knows everything that will happen in your life • Purified approach to life: • No drinking, swearing, card playing, gambling etc..

  24. CALVINISM • Started in Switzerland – Calvinists • England = Puritans • Scotland = Presbyterians • Holland = Dutch Reform • France = Huguenots • Germany = Reform Church

  25. Christianity Protestant Catholic Lutheran Calvinism Presbyterian Puritan Hugeunots

  26. Calvinism & Lutheranism • Lutheranism: • People choose if they are saved, their actions/faith determine their outcome • Calvinism: • God chooses if they are saved (Predestination – Puritans) Actions show this • No Kings could lay down laws for religion “faith alone” “God alone”

  27. Henry VIII • Problem: • Current wife cannot have son (Catherine – Mary Tudor) • Wants divorce • Solution: • Builds English resentment at Pope • Act of Supremacy 1534: • Henry VIII takes over church • Anglican Church {Church of England} • Gets annulments

  28. Effects: • Marries Anne Boleynn (Has Edward & Elizabeth) • Anglican Church {Church of England} • Queen Elizabeth I • Tudors: *Henry VIII, *Edward IV, *Mary, *Elizabeth

  29. Counter/Catholic Reformation • Council of Trent • Catholic response to Protestants • Reaffirmed the basic Catholic Doctrine • Stand by their interpretation of the Bible • Prohibits church abuses • Clergy renounces worldly pleasures • Correct problems • Holy Inquisition: aggressive attack of heretics (Protestants)

  30. Reformation:After Luther

  31. The Rise of the Catholic Church • Became the most powerful institution in Europe. • Limited literacy and access to the Bible. • Incorporated pagan beliefs (polytheistic) to expand influence in Europe.

  32. John Calvin“Calvinism” • Predestination and Total Depravity • Fate is predetermined, basis of Puritanism • Established a theocratic government in Geneva. • Influenced John Knox founder of Presbyterianism in Scotland and Huguenots in France Wrong Calvin

  33. Catholic Reforms • Society of Jesus and the Jesuits • Jesuits concentrated on three activities. • First Mission, founded schools throughout Europe. • Second mission, converted non-Christians to Catholicism, by establishing missions and sending missionaries. • Third mission, stopped Protestantism from spreading in some areas (Poland, Southern Germany).

  34. Council of Trent • Salvation appropriated by grace through faithandworks . • Transubstantiation along with the other six Sacraments. • Other practices that drew the anger of Protestant reformers: indulgences, pilgrimages, veneration of saints and relics, and the veneration of the Virgin Mary.

  35. The End?

  36. Inquisition • Used of force to curb anti-Catholic movements. • Torture, trials, and punishments used against Protestants, Jews, Muslims, and scientific leaders. • Tried to maintain Catholic authority over Europe.

  37. French meaning “rebirth”. Renewed interest in the classics. Rejected focus solely on the afterlife. Criticism of Church. Questions of political power. Rise of individualism. Start of a middle class. 16th Century. Critics argued the Church had abused its power. Argued for reforms. Martin Luther -> indulgences. Protestants began to form new churches. Decline of Catholic Influence Reformation Renaissance

  38. Medieval Science Greek and Roman texts as well as the Bible were considered corner stones of scientific research. Few Scientists would challenge these ideas via observation of nature.

  39. John Donne, 1611 [The] new Philosophy calls all in doubt, The Element of fire is quite put out; The Sun is lost, and th'earth, and no man's wit Can well direct him where to look for it.... 'Tis all in pieces, all coherence gone

  40. Geocentric Theory Essentially the belief that the Earth is the center of the universe. The idea is associated with Aristotle in the 4th century BCE. Christianity claims God intentionally placed earth in the center of the universe.

  41. Heliocentric Theory Polish cleric and astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus spent 25 years studying the solar system. He knew his Heliocentric or sun-centered theory would be rejected. He only published his works towards the end of his life.

  42. Galileo Galileo Galilei studied the work of Copernicus, and found evidence that supported his findings. Eventually Galileo was summoned by the Catholic Church and under threat of torture recanted his findings.

  43. Scientific Method Question from observation Hypothesis Experiment Data Analysis

  44. Major Changes in Science Old And Busted Elements of Earth, Wind, Fire and water comprise all beings. Heavy Bodies sink light bodies float up. New Hotness Beginning of atomic theory and chemistry. Laws of Gravity and motion

  45. The Human Body Old ways Balancing the 4 humours. Assuming mans body was like animals. Disease was cause from being unbalanced. New Ways Dissection of human body leads to a decent model. Germ Theory. Immunizations.

  46. Impact Raised doubt amongst the educated against the church. Favouring Reason over Dogma. Rise in Deism amongst the elite and well educated.

  47. The Model of a Modern Democracy • The development of Democracy in England

  48. English Monarchy • In 1066 William the Conqueror defeats the Anglo-Saxons at the Battle of Hastings, • He claims the English throne.

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