Airpower Through The Post Cold War

1. Airpower Through The Post Cold War

2. Overview • Background to the Conflict • Iraqi threats • The Plan of Attack • Concept of Operations • Five Strategic Rings • Targets • Campaign Overview

3. Overview • Video Clip/Beyond the Wild Blue • Operation PROVIDE COMFORT/NORTHERN WATCH • Operation SOUTHERN WATCH • Operation PROVIDE RELIEF/RESTORE HOPE

4. Overview • History of the Balkans • Operation DENY FLIGHT • Operation ALLIED FORCE • Background • NATO Actions • Operation ALLIED FORCE Begins • Operation ALLIED FORCE • Lessons learned by U.S. Military • Political Lessons Learned • Impact of Lessons Learned on Future DOD Budget • CFD Review

5. A Brief History • After World War II, monarchy abolished Communist Party leader Tito proclaimed the country the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia, with himself as prime minister • Eliminating opposition, the Tito government executed Mihajlovic in 1946 • Tito died in 1980, and the fragility of the federation he ruled quickly became apparent Tito

6. Three Ethnic Groups • Serbs - dominant in Yugoslavia's politics and army, orthodox Christianity makes them natural allies of Russia. • Croats - Roman Catholics, closer to the West than Serbs and exposed to Western influences • Muslims - living mainly in ethnically mixedtowns and cities in Bosnia -Herzegovina.

8. The Crisis in Bosnia • Oct 1992, UN Security Council Resolution 781, established a no-fly zone over Bosnia-Herzegovina. • Operation Deny Flight • Enforced the no-fly zone • Provided close air support to UN troops • Conducted approved air strikes under a "dual-key” command arrangement with the U.N. • 28 Feb 94, NATO aircraft shot down four warplanes violating the no-fly zone over Bosnia-Herzegovina • This was the first military engagement ever undertaken by the Alliance.

9. The Crisis in Bosnia • NATO objectives • Bosnian Serb compliance to cease attacks on Sarajevo and other safe areas • Withdrawal of Bosnian Serb heavy weapons from the total exclusion zone around Sarajevo • Complete freedom of movement for UN Forces and personnel, and non-government officials • Unrestricted use of Sarajevo airport

10. The Crisis in Bosnia • NATO missions of Operation Deny Flight • To conduct aerial monitoring and enforce compliance with UN Security Council Resolution 816 • To provide close air support to UN troops on the ground at the request of, and controlled by, UN forces. • To conduct approved air strikes against designated targets threatening the security of the UN-declared safe areas.

11. The Crisis in Bosnia • Operation Deny Flight lasted from 12 Apr 1993 to 20 Dec 1995 • Almost 100,000 sorties flown • A formal closure ceremony was held in Vicenza, Italy on 21 Dec 1995 • Forces associated with Operation Deny Flight were then transferred to Operation Decisive Endeavor -- as part of the overall NATO operation Joint Endeavor.

12. BosniaLessons Learned • Lack of doctrine • Tactical air and space power problems • Bases weren’t large enough to accept the contingency surges • Coalition/Joint problems • Technological problems

13. KOSOVO

14. Kosovo Crisis • Kosovo lies in southern Serbia and has a mixed population of which the majority are ethnic Albanians (Muslims) • Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic altered the status of the region, removing its autonomy and bringing it under the direct control of Belgrade, the Serbian capital • The Kosovar Albanians strenuously opposed the move

15. U.S. and NATO Interests at stake • Serb aggression threatened peace throughout the Balkans and the stability of NATO’s SE region • Belgrade’s repression in Kosovo created a humanitarian crisis of staggering proportions • President Milosevic’s conduct directly challenged the credibility of NATO

16. NATO Action • After the failure of repeated international diplomatic efforts since the Spring of 1998 to peacefully resolve the conflict in Kosovo • North Atlantic Council decided on 23 March 1999 to authorize NATO air strikes • Aimed at strategic targets in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, to end the repression of Kosovar Albanians by the Yugoslav government.

17. NATO’s Objectives • A stop to all military action and the immediate ending of violence and repression; • The withdrawal from Kosovo of the military, police and paramilitary forces; • The stationing in Kosovo of an international military presence

18. NATO’s Objectives cont’d • The unconditional and safe return of all refugees and displaced persons • Establish political framework agreement for Kosovo in conformity with international law

19. Military Objective • “Degrade and damage the military and security structure President Milosevic has used to depopulate and destroy the Albanian majority in Kosovo” William Cohen, SECDEF 15 April 99

20. NATO Strategic Objectives • Demonstrate seriousness of their opposition to Belgrade’s aggression in Balkans • Deter Milosevic’s attacks on helpless civilians and reverse ethnic cleansing • Damage Serbia’s capacity to wage war against Kosovo

21. U.S. Grand Strategy Maintain a peaceful, prosperous U.S.-led Europe Convince NATO to transition from old Cold War common defense against external threats to new Continental security coalition Persuade NATO to acquire means and will to conduct “out of area” military ops European Strategy Maintain a peaceful, prosperous & independent Europe Prevent spillover into Albania & Macedonia,thence to Greece & Turkey Maintain NATO relationship with Russia and give it a role in helping end the crisis Demonstrate European unity Lessons Learned onKosovo War Objectives Kosovo War Aims • Stop the Serbian slaughter & expulsion of ethnic Albanians • Remove Milosevic from power • Accomplish the above with minimal collateral damage and NATO casualties Common Effort Concealed Widely Differing Objectives

22. Lessons Learned by U.S. Military • U.S. air refuelers were stretched thin during the operation • Force structure “numbers” & resources are inadequate for current level of commitments (all services); Support and training as important to victory as strike • Older platforms with smart weapons may be seen as good enough, smart weapons may be better than smart platforms • Need the right force structure for the future • C4ISR is currently the weakest link in joint & coalition ops • On the brink of another hollow force

23. Political Lessons Learned by Europeans • Militarily, Europe remains dependent on Americans • Best technology, weapons & platforms “Made in U.S.A.” • Pols unwilling to pay the cost of matching unique U.S. capabilities • U.S. cannot always be counted on to serve the Alliance’s interests • U.S. focus shifted with opinion polls • Fear U.S. commitment could falter if U.S. forces take heavy casualties

24. Political Lessons Learned by Europeans (cont’d) • EU can provide diplomatic muscle (Martti Ahtisaari saves the day) Many foreign policy interests are similar among EU Nations • Refugee issue • Humanitarian (ethnic cleansing) • Threat of rising Islamic fundamentalism • Need to build external identity • Europe can overcome internal diversity to maintain cohesion • German Luftwaffe conducted first combat missions since 1945 • Greece provided logistical support despite popular opposition • Italy and France (which have Communist ministers) offered air bases

25. Impact of Kosovo Lessons Learnedon Future DOD Budget Trends • No DOD/Allied spending surge like post Desert Storm • International defense market continues to shrink • Readiness & Retention will increasingly consume $$$$ for Modernization • Inevitable Tax Cut legislation will further erode DOD budgets • Services must eventually deal with the bow wave • Old platforms with smart weapons were good enough • Congress may balk at big bills for new platforms(JSF, F-22, CVX, DD-21) • Support Forces will need big $$$$ too “We have to make a trade between smart weapons and platforms...We need to encourage the services to concentrate more on smart weapons.” Jacques Gansler

26. Review of CFD Model • Distinctive Capabilities-Air and space expertise, capabilities, and technological know-how • Functions- Broad, fundamental, and continuing activities of air and space power • Doctrine- fundamental principles which military forces guide their actions in support of national objectives

27. CFD Model

28. CFD Model

29. Summary • Background to the Conflict • Iraqi threats • The Plan of Attack • Concept of Operations • Five Strategic Rings • Targets • Campaign Overview

30. Summary • Video Clip/Beyond the Wild Blue • Operation PROVIDE COMFORT/NORTHERN WATCH • Operation SOUTHERN WATCH • Operation PROVIDE RELIEF/RESTORE HOPE

31. Summary • History of the Balkans • Operation DENY FLIGHT • Operation ALLIED FORCE • Background • NATO Actions • Operation ALLIED FORCE Begins • Operation ALLIED FORCE • Lessons learned by U.S. Military • Political Lessons Learned • Impact of Lessons Learned on Future DOD Budget • CFD Review QUESTIONS ??

32. Airpower Through The Post Cold War