CAA Instructor Seminars 2007

1. CAA Instructor Seminars 2007 PPL Terrain Awareness

2. Part 61 Stage II NPRM • Terrain Awareness Training • Including Weather Awareness, esp wind • Acceptable to the Director • PPL level • CPL Role Training – requirements proposed under Part 135, not 61

3. Minimum Requirements • Low Flying & Terrain Awareness – all dual exercises • Total: 5 hours comprising • Minimum 2 hours low flying training; and • Minimum 2 hours Terrain Awareness training

4. Programme • Training organisations develop TA training as it applies to their area • Expand on syllabus requirements of low flying • Incorporate increased level of experience & understanding regarding interaction with terrain & associated weather

5. Stage 1 Operating in a simulated confined space • Aim: • Initially simple exercise exploring pilot’s & aircraft capability to operate in a confined area • Exercise: • Define a simulated confined area • Obstacle free • Clearly defined boundaries • Flat paddock 500m X 500m

6. Continuing Exercise • Using ‘clean’ & ‘Poor Visibility’ configurations • Fly boundaries • Use all available space • Use minimum angle of bank • Commence with larger area • Reduce to desired confined size

7. Principles • Develop awareness of space & inertia • Use all available space • Minimise bank angle therefore Vs • Use only required power • Safe speed between Va & Vs appropriate to conditions & loading (clean etc ) • Develop weather awareness, esp wind

8. Stage II Operating in a confined space • Aim: • Apply technique & skill used in Stage I • Use actual area confined by terrain • Develop further awareness of space & inertia • Exercise: • Relocate to suitable valley or gully • Repeat Stage I exercise • Ensure terrain above – less defined horizon

9. Principles • Identify useable imaginary horizon by visualising where sky meets the sea as if terrain or obstacle to the visual horizon were transparent • Use this horizon line to reference nose attitude • In S & L flight • In level turning flight

10. Continuing Principles • Appropriately position the aircraft to • Execute level 180° and 360° turns • Use all available space • Minimize bank angle • Only sufficient power to maintain safe speed between Va & Vs appropriate to conditions and loading

11. Stage III Crossing ridges, saddles or passes • Aim: • Safely cross ridges, saddles or passes • Apply appropriate decision making • Determine safest compromise of options & principles

12. Continue Saddle Crossing • Exercise: • Use ridges into valley in Stage II... Or other ridge • Assess appropriate flight path for approach, crossing, & after crossing • Apply safest compromise of options & principles involved • Experience where possible merits of L to R, R to L and re-crossing where safely possible

13. Continue Saddle Crossing • Principles: • Apply sound decision making • Assess approach, the crossing, & flight path after • Have escape routes available • Minimize commitment period

14. Summary & Recommendations • High mountains not required to establish basic principles • Stage I possible in most LFA’s • Alternative – 500’ above suitable defined area • Stage II & III – area safely enables turning exercises and saddle/ridge crossings • Logbook signed – competence & minimum experience met

15. Desirable: student experiences the exercises • In clean & poor visibility configurations • In both calm & windy conditions (<15knots) • In clear conditions & with some precipitation • With 180° & 360° turns both ways

16. Instructor qualifications • Require Terrain Awareness Instructor Authorisation • Experience acceptable to the Director • Demonstrate competence to a GA Flight Examiner

17. References • Mountain Flying Training Guide • GAP booklets: • Mountain Flying • In, Out and Around Milford • In, Out and Around Mount Cook • Flight Instructor Guide

18. Questions