REQUIREMENTS OF A RADAR FOR THE MARITIME ENVIRONMENT

1. REQUIREMENTS OF A RADAR FOR THE MARITIME ENVIRONMENT By Captain (SA Navy ) Nick Snyman Senior Staff Officer Maritime Technology Directorate Technology Development

2. AIM To provide an operational view of radar operating conditions in the maritime environment

3. SCOPE • Mission of the SA Navy • Maritime environmental conditions • Uses of radar in maritime environment • Operational implications • Conclusion

4. MARITIME ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

5. Life at sea is good 5

6. Pretty sights 6

7. Beautiful views for a submariner 7

8. Lovely day in the sun and calm seas 8

9. Start dreaming that life could not be better ….. And you are expect to see these sights

10. AND THEN THE REALITY OF SEA LIFE STRIKES!!!!!!!! 10

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15. MARITIME ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS (The other side of life at sea) RomanRock.wmv

17. MARITIME ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS • Clutter (Rain and Sea) • Obscures small contacts • No clear close range picture • Danger to vessels in confined space • Ducting • Ducting increases clutter and increased anomalous propagation • Increased radar range • Multi-pathing

18. Factors in Radar Equation Multipath Sea & Rain Clutter Clutter

19. Sea Clutter Illumination AREA

20. Sea Clutter (SS=3) Clutter = 0 > Radar Horizon

21. Rain Clutter Illumination VOLUME

22. Rain Clutter (1mm/hour) Clutter = 0 > Radar Horizon

23. Sea & Rain Clutter Influence on Detectability in Naval Environment Pd = 32km Pd = 11km FSG FSG Rain Sea Noise Noise

24. Rain Clutter Contacts

25. MAGNETRON X-BAND

26. SOLID STATE X-BAND PULSE COMPRESSION

27. X-BAND MAGNETRON

28. SOLID STATE X-BAND PULSE COMPRESSION

29. MARITIME ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS (1) • Clutter (Rain and Sea) • Obscures small contacts • No clear close range picture • Danger to vessels in confined space

30. MARITIME ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS (2) • Ducting • Ducting increases clutter and increased anomalous propagation • Increased radar range

31. Radar Ducting Ducted beam Normal radar beam

32. MARITIME ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS (3) • Multi-pathing • Cannot detect and track low flying targets • Ineffective radar against fast low flying incoming missiles • Effect of side lobe interference in littoral

33. Multipath: Principle of Null & Sum Values

34. Multipath: Range Holes

35. MARITIME ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS (4) • Effect of side lobe interference in littoral

36. SIDE LOBES

37. USES OF MARITIME RADAR

38. USES OF MARITIME RADAR • Collision avoidance • Navigation and Blind pilotage • Good range discrimination • Close range clear picture • High definition

41. USES OF MARITIME RADAR • Surveillance • Long range, early warning • Close-in surveillance • Range discrimination • 3D picture • Track while scan • Track multiple contacts • Small contacts • Low flying contacts • Tracking radar

42. OPERATIONAL IMPLICATIONS

43. OPERATIONAL IMPLICATIONS • Range discrimination to discriminate between contacts in close proximity • Lack of detection ability in clutter • Missing the target • Own ship detected first • Require recognition and identification ability • Interference from other radars • Antenna height restrictions

44. Cannot see the spur

45. Interference caused by radar, clutter and radar shadow Clutter Shadow caused by mast

46. Radar Picture of land-based radar

47. CONCLUSION • Surveillance, detection and identification is important to the Navy • Unique maritime environmental conditions affects radar performance • Sea conditions - stability • Sea and rain clutter • Ducting • Muti-pathing • Effect of the littoral on the side lobe contacts • Different types of radar • Navigation • Long range surveillance • Tracking

48. THANK YOU!! QUESTIONS??

49. Multipath (“Two-way only!”)

50. Sea Surface Reflection: (1) Amplitude ~ 100% (2) Phase = 180%