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What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture Key Technologies of Mobile Computing Applications. Mobile Communication Systems Architecture. PSTN & PLMN PCS Basic Architecture Cellular Wireless Communication. PSTN & PLMN.

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What is Mobile Computing? Wireless Communication Systems Mobile Communication Systems Architecture

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  1. What is Mobile Computing? • Wireless Communication Systems • Mobile Communication Systems Architecture • Key Technologies of Mobile Computing • Applications

  2. Mobile Communication Systems Architecture • PSTN & PLMN • PCS Basic Architecture • Cellular Wireless Communication

  3. PSTN & PLMN • 公眾電話交換網路(Public Switched Telephone Network,PSTN) • 陸地行動電話網路(Public Land Mobile Network,PLMN)

  4. PSTN • 1876年由貝爾發明的電話開始建立 • 用於全球語音通信的電路交換網路(circuit-switched telephone) • 主要由交換系統和傳輸系統兩大部分組成 • 交換系統的主要設備 • 電話交換機 • 傳輸系統的主要設備 • 傳輸設備(如SDH-Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) • 線纜(如銅線,光纖)

  5. 採用分級制管理 • 國際長途網路 (international) • 國內長途網 (long distance) • 本地網 (local) • PSTN中使用的技術標準由國際電信聯盟(ITU)規定 • 採用E.163/E.164 (known as telephone numbers)進行編址(addressing) • 為固接式電話網路(fixed telephone) • 如家用電話與公用電話,e.g.中華電信公司

  6. 電話撥接 • 播出電話→經由電話線→連到電信公司的交換機(switch)進行轉接→轉到對方的有線電話 • 線路 • subscriber loop • 從電話連到最近交換機(稱為central office或end office)的線路 • trunk • 電信公司內部交換機間的連線

  7. Trunk:在台灣,交換機間的電話連線(橘色圓圈)都已數位化,使用SS7做為傳送控制訊號的機制,與傳送語音的trunk有不同的路徑Trunk:在台灣,交換機間的電話連線(橘色圓圈)都已數位化,使用SS7做為傳送控制訊號的機制,與傳送語音的trunk有不同的路徑

  8. PLMN • PLMN is a network that is established and operated by an administration or by a Recognized Operating Agency (ROA) for the specific purpose of providing land mobile telecommunications services to the public • Access to PLMN services is achieved by means of an air interface involving radio communications between mobile phones or other wireless enabled user equipment and land based radio transmitters or radio base stations

  9. PLMNs interconnect with other PLMNs and Public switched telephone networks (PSTN) for telephone communications or with internet service providers for data and internet access • 通話 • 屬於同一PLMN的兩支手機,會在自己的PLMN中通話 • 若一端為遠傳手機,另一端為中華電信的固接式電話,則須兩家電信公司合作,以接通電話

  10. 同一家電信業者的服務區域PLMN(以GSM為例)

  11. PCS基本架構 • 無線電網路(Radio Network) • 有線傳輸網路(Wireline Transport Network)

  12. PCS基本網路架構

  13. 無線電網路(Radio Network) • 手機 • 不同系統使用不同名稱 • AMPS:mobile phone • Wireless Local Loop:subscriber unit • PACS等低階系統:portable • GSM:mobile station • 用戶 • 使用手機與個人通訊網路的基地台(Base Station,BS)聯繫

  14. 個人通訊網路 • 系統維護和偵錯 • 可以遠距無線方式監控手機狀況 • 基地台 • 其所發射無線電波的涵蓋範圍(coverage)稱為細胞(cell) • 某些PCS系統,如GSM和PACS,其基地台系統是由控制台(controller)和無線電發射與接收(transceiver)設備組成

  15. Antenna

  16. Antenna

  17. Base Station

  18. 控制台 • 與交換機相接的部份 • GSM的控制台 • 稱為基站控制台(Base Station Controller,BSC) • PACS的控制台 • 稱為無線電基地台控制單元(Radio Port Control Unit,RPCU) • 基地台與骨幹網路間 • 以有線(wireline)傳輸專線或微波(microwave)專線相連

  19. 有線傳輸網路(Wireline Transport Network) • 行動交換中心(Mobile Switching Center,MSC) • 一種特別為行動通訊應用而設計的交換機系統 • 行動交換中心可由一般交換機改裝 • 元件間的運作 • 基地台連線到行動交換中心 • 行動交換中心與PSTN銜接,提供PCS用戶與PSTN用戶間的通訊服務 • 行動資料庫(mobility database)與行動交換中心溝通來追蹤行動台的位置

  20. 蜂巢式無線通訊(Wireless Cellular Communication) • 傳統式無線電話 • 每通無線電話會佔用整個頻率 • 由高功率的收發器負責訊號的傳送與接收 • 在有效半徑約80公里(約2萬平方公里)的面積中,僅容許25個頻道

  21. 蜂巢式無線通訊(cellular radio) • 多個低功率(功率低於100W)的發射機取代原本一個高功率的發射機 • 以正六邊形的蜂巢單元(cellular cell)組成無線小區,無線小區相鄰接,構成整個面狀服務區 • 每個細胞包含發射機(低功率)、接收機和控制單元 • 相鄰細胞為避免發生相互干擾或串音(crosstalk)現象,相鄰細胞會指配不同的頻率

  22. 當行動電話經過此網路時會被配置一個頻道 • 每個蜂巢式單元均擁有低功率傳送器,只要相鄰單元使用不同頻率就不會互相干擾 • 不相鄰單元可分配相同頻帶,因低功率傳送器所能傳送的距離有限,不會干擾到非相鄰地區 • 優點 • 極有效率的行動電話系統 • 可利用最小頻寬服務大量用戶 • 訊號穩定、不易斷訊

  23. 細胞(cell)概念 • 若干(K)細胞組成一個叢集(cluster) • 同一cluster中的cell 使用不同頻率 • 對K-cell cluster,每個cell可用的頻率數目相同,假定此系統分配到的全部頻率數為N,則每個cell分配到N/K個頻率 • 例如:AMPS系統中N=395則K=7為可以提供足夠的隔離使用相同頻率的最小樣式,這也意味著平均每個細胞最多只能分配到57個頻率

  24. 位在各個cluster中相同位置(例如同在左上方)的cells使用相同頻道位在各個cluster中相同位置(例如同在左上方)的cells使用相同頻道 • K的數目越大,同頻率的微細胞距離相隔越遠 • 頻率重複使用(frequency reuse) • 因彼此間距離很遠,雖使用相同頻率但不會互相干擾

  25. 增加系統容量的方法 • 增加新的頻道數目 • 一個系統在一個地區架設完成後,開始時並未使用全部頻道,因此當使用者成長時,系統可隨時加入新的頻道以供使用 • 頻率借用 • 在一些簡單的狀況中,被阻塞的細胞可使用相鄰細胞的頻率,所以頻率可以動態地指定到不同的細胞中

  26. 細胞分向 • 將細胞區分成一些廣角的扇形區域,每個扇形區域擁有一組特定頻道,一般是每個細胞被切個成3至6個扇形區域 • 每個扇形區域指配該細胞中之一組不同的頻道,同時基地台的每個扇形區域上有一個指向性天線做傳輸信號之用

  27. 細胞分割 • 當某一細胞服務區的話務量不斷成長到一定數量,導致細胞頻道數提供的服務品質無法維持原有的標準,該細胞就必須進行細胞分割 • 每次減少細胞大小時,伴隨著基地台和行動單元也必須減少發射功率 • 當細胞愈來愈小時,換手(hand off)的動作也相對的愈來愈頻繁 • 分割細胞以提供更大容量時,半徑依比例F減少時,會以F2的比例減少涵蓋的區域和增加基地台的數目 • 當細胞變得很小時(微細胞),天線會由較高的建築物或山丘的頂端,搬移到建築物頂端或大型建築物的一面牆上,最後則是到了街燈柱上 • 微細胞在擁塞地區的街道、高速公路及大型建築物的內部尤其有用

  28. Cell sizes • macro-cellular:1-30km • micro-cellular:200-2000m • pico-cellular:4-200m • femto-cellular:in residential or small business environments

  29. 註:Macrocell • Provides the main coverage in a mobile network • The antennas for macrocells are mounted on ground-based masts, rooftops and other existing structures • Must be positioned at a height that is not obstructed by surrounding buildings and terrain • Base stations have a typical power output of tens of watts • Communicate with phones up to about 35 kilometres (22 miles) distance

  30. 註:Microcell • Provide infill radio coverage and additional capacity where there are high numbers of users within macrocells • The antennas for microcells are mounted at street level, typically on the external walls of existing structures, lamp posts and other street furniture • The antennas are smaller than macro cell antennas and, when mounted on existing structures, often blend in with building features to minimize visual impact

  31. Typically, microcells provide radio coverage across smaller distances and are placed 300m-1000m apart • They have lower outputs than macrocells, usually a few watts

  32. 註:Picocell • Provides more localized coverage than a microcell • Normally found inside buildings where coverage is poor or where there are a high number of users • airport terminals • train stations • shopping centers

  33. 註:Femtocell • Originally known as an Access Point Base Station • A small cellular base station, typically designed for use in residential or small business environments • Connects to the service provider’s network via broadband (such as DSL or cable); current designs typically support 2 to 5 mobile phones in a residential setting • Allows service providers to extend service coverage indoors, especially where access would otherwise be limited or unavailable

  34. Incorporates the functionality of a typical base station but extends it to allow a simpler, self contained deployment; for example, a UMTS femtocell containing a Node B, RNC and GSN with Ethernet for backhaul

  35. Hierarchical Cell Structure

  36. Hierarchical cell structure • an operator can tailor-fit capacity to match traffic demands, and use the available frequency spectrum more efficiently • mobile terminals moving at high speed are directed to macrocells • hot spots with mobile terminals moving at low speed are covered by small cells (microcells and picocells)

  37. Cluster Size and Frequency Re-use Distance • Geometry of a hexagon (with cell radius 1R) • Surface area (SR) is 6R2× =

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