QURANIC GRAMMAR AS-SARF “Morphology of the words” Lesson 16

QURANIC GRAMMAR AS-SARF“Morphology of the words”Lesson 16 Lessons from the book MABADE” ALA’RABIYAH – basics of Arabic Grammar RASHEED SHARTOONI Compiled by: Sheikh Safdar Razi Ali

What is a verb? • A verb is a word that denotes an action or state in the past, present or future. • For example: • کُنتُ I was, کَتَبتُ I wrote, اُکتُب(you) write , کُنbe, اکُونُ I amاکتُبُI write, • حَسُنَ : (he was good) – in the past and يأخُذُ (he takes) – in the present or future.

Mojarrad and Mazeed verbs • مجرّد – Verbs with Root letters • Any form of a verb that contains ONLY the root letters. • ضرب – He Hit • كتب – He Wrote • مزيد– Root Verbs with increased letters. • كتبوا They wrote • أضرب He went on strike

Note: The Mojarrad Verb can have a dhummah, kasra or fatha on the Ayn of the verb. The Fa and La of the verb must be fatha for past tense. Past tense verbs are prefixed by the following letters: Seen, Alif, Laam, Taa, Meem, Wow, Noon Yaa, or Haa Mojarrad Three Lettered Verb has three forms فَعِلَ شرب فَعَلَكتب قرب فَعُلَ Mojarrad Four Lettered Verb has one form: Fa’lala فعللزلزل

4&5-MOJARRAD and MAZEED A singular triliteral verb is a triliteral verb that only has its root letters, without any increased letter is called MOJARRAD . For example عَرَفَ (he knew). A MAZEED triliteral verb with increased letter to its root can be as follows: Either one added letter: for example:أکرَمَ (he honored) AKRAMA. B. Or two added letters: for example: اِنطَلَقَ(he was set free). INTALAQA C. Or three added letters: for example:اِستَغفَرَ(he asked for forgiveness). ISTAGHFARA The book mentions ten forms of increased (MAZEED) verbs.

Mazeed with one letter If you increase three lettered Mojarrad Verb by one letter, you can have the following forms: Fa’ّala with a shaddah on the A’YN of the verb (فَعَلَ) Form: Alima  Al’lama (Taught) عَلَمَ عَلَم Afa’la (اَفعَلَ) Form: KaramaAkrama (Become Generous) اكَرَمَ كَرَمَ Faa’ala (فَاعَلَ) Form: ShahadaShaahada (Witness) شاهَدَ  شهَدَ

MAZEED with one increased letter There are ten forms of triliteral verbs with increase letters, we will start with the form of one increased letter: There are three forms of triliteral verbs that have one increase letter: A. فَعَّلَ (FA’A’LA)This is form II Here the second root letter is doubled. For example:خَبَّرَ (he notified) B. فاعَلَ (FAA’ALA) This is form III. Here an alif is added to the root. For example: خابَرَ(he negotiated) C. أفعلThis is form IV. Here a glottal stop is added to the beginning of the root. For example: أخبَرَ (he notified)

Mazeed with two letters If you increase the three lettered Mojarrad Verb by Two letter, you can have the following 5 forms: Tafa’ala with SHADDAH on A’YN (تَفََعَلَ)Form:  Ta’al’lama (He Learned) تَعَلَم Tafaaal(تفاعَلَ) Form Tashaaraka (Associated) تشارَك Infa’ala(أنفعل ) Form:  InTalaqa & Insarafa (Left) Ifta’ala(أفتعل) Form:  Ijtamaa’ (he met ) Ifa’alّa with SHADDAH on LAAM (اِفعَلَ) Form:  Ihmar’ra (Become Red) إحمَرَ

MAZEED with two increased letter There are five forms of triliteral verbs that have two increase letters: A. تَفَعَّلَ (TAFA’A’LA)This is form V. Here a tā’ is added and the second root letter is doubled. For example: تَقَبَّلَ (he accepted with strength) ; in respond to a demand strongly B. تَفاعَلَ (TAFAAA’LA)This is form VI. Here a tā’ and an alif are added. For example تَقابَلَ(he met) ;both parties agreed and initiated the action C. اِنفَعَلَ (INFAA’LA)This is form VII. Here a glottal stop and a nūn are added. For example: اِنقَبَلَ (it was accepted) :action under influence or under pressure D. اِفتَعَلَ (IFTAA’LA)This is form VIII. Here a glottal stop (HAMZA) and a tā’ are added. For example: اِقتَبَلَ (he received) : Action with intention and purpose E. اِفعَلَّ (EFALLA)This is form IX. Here a glottal stop is added and the last root letter is doubled. For example: اِحمَرَّ (he become red): transformation to a description

Mazeed with three letter If you increase the three lettered Mojarrad Verb by Three letter, you can have the following forms: Istafal(اِستَفعَلَ ) Form:  Istafsfara (Seeking the Meaning) Ifawala(اِفعَوعَلَ ) Form:  Ihdowdaba (Bending) اِحدَودَبَ If’aal’lّa with SHADDAH on LAAM (افعالَ ) Form: Ik’dhaar’ra (Becoming Very Green) ّاخضارَ

MAZEED with three increased letter A. اِستَفعَلَ (ISTAFA’LA)This is form X. Here a glottal stop, sīn and tā’ are added. For example: اِستَغفَرَ (he asked for forgiveness) B. اِفعَوعَلَ (IFA’OWA’LA)This is form XII. Here a glottal stop and a wāw are added along with another second root letter , example: اِحدَودَبَ (It was bent outward) For Form XI is not mentioned in this book

Four lettered Mazeed with max two The increase in theFour lettered Mojarrad Verb by One or Two letters (A verb cannot exceed 6 letters), will be discussed further when studying the verbs in detail.

The infinitives for verbs with increase letters are as follows • A. فَعَّلَ becomes تَفعيل و تَفعيلَة • B. فاعَلَ becomes مُفاعَلَة و فِعال • C. أفعَلَ becomes إفعال • D. تَفَعَّلَ becomes تَفَعُّل • E. تفاعَلَ becomes تَفاعُل • F. اِفتَعَلَ becomes اِفتِعال • G. اِنفَعَلَ becomes اِنفِعال • H. اِفعَّلَ becomes اِفعِلال • I. اِستَفعَلَ becomes اِستِفعال • J. اِفعَوعَلَ becomes اِفعِيعال

Four letter K. تَفَعلَلَ becomes تَفَعلُل L. اِفعَنلَلَ becomes اِفعِنلال M. اِفعَلَلَّ becomes اِفعِلَّال

THE DIVISION OF VERBS INTOPERFECT, SOUND, AND UNSOUND • A perfect verb is a verb that does not have any weak letters, glottal stops or doubled letters in its root. For example: ضَرَبَ قَتَلَ شَنَقَ (he hung, he killed, he hit) • A sound verb is a verb that either has a glottal stop or a doubled letter in its root. For example:أکَلَ مَدّ (he extended, he ate)

Reminder A double-letter verb is a verb that has two identical letters in its root. For example: فَرَّ (he ran away). If A verb that has a glottal stop in its a verb then it is considered sound. For example: أکَلَ (he ate). A verb truly has a glottal stop or is truly a double-letter verb when the glottal stop or the two identical letters are in the root of the verb, not including added letters. NOTE: A. انطَلَقَ (INTALAQA) this verb does not have a glottal stop because its root is .طلق (TALIQA) B. قَدَّمَ (QADDAMA)this verb is not a double letter verb because its root is .قدم (QADIMA) C. قاتَلَ (QAATALA)This verb is not an unsound verb because its root is قتل (QATILA)

The verbs with vowels MO’TAL(ALIF, WOW or YAA) There are three types of weak verbs (vowel letters alif, wāw or yā’in its root) : For example: • MOTAL ALAWAL (he jumped) وَثَبَ • MOTAL ALAWSAT or ALTHANI (he slept) نَامَ • MOTAL ALAAKHIR (he became satisfied) رَضِیَ

Glottal stop (HAMZA of QATA’) There are three types of verbs that have a glottal stop in their root: A. Glottal stop of the first root letter: أخَذَ (he took) B. Glottal stop of the second root letter:سَألَ (he asked) C. Glottal stop of the third root letter: نَشَأ (he emerged)

Strong Verbs Strong verbs have all 3 root letters as consonants. • مُضَعف (Doubled, has Shad-da) The second and third letter are the same (has Shad-da) • هَزَ - shook • رَدَ - Returned • شَدَ - Stretched • مَهموز(Verb with Hamza) One of the root letters is a Hamza • قَرَأَ - Read • سأَلَ - Asked • أَخَدَ - Took • سالم (Complete) If they do not fit in the above 2 categories, the Verb is a Strong Verb • ضَرَبَ - Hit

Definition Weak Verbs • Weak Verbs are categorized by identifying the placement of the vowel • Beginning (Mithaal) مثا ل • وَجَدَ - Found, يئسَ – Gave up hope • Middle (Al-Ajoof - Hollow) أجوف • قال - Said • End (Naqis-incomplete) ناقص • دنا – Become close, • لَقِىَ - met

Cluster Verb A verb that has two weak (vowel) letters is called a cluster verb. There are two kinds of cluster verbs: A. A cluster verb that has a weak (vowel) letter in the first and third root letters. For example: وَفَی (he completed) B. A cluster verb that has a weak letter in the second and third root letters. For example: شَوی (it roasted)

QURANIC GRAMMAR AS-SARF “Morphology of the words” Lesson 16