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Splash Screen. Chapter Focus Section 1 Democratic Governments Section 2 Authoritarian Governments Section 3 International Organizations Section 4 Global Issues Chapter Assessment. Contents. Why It’s Important. Chapter Objectives.

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  1. Splash Screen

  2. Chapter Focus Section 1 Democratic Governments Section 2 Authoritarian Governments Section 3 International Organizations Section 4 Global Issues Chapter Assessment Contents

  3. Why It’s Important

  4. Chapter Objectives • Democratic Governments Compare parliamentary government and presidential government. • Authoritarian Governments Discuss the traits that authoritarian governments have in common. • International Organizations Evaluate the impact of international organizations on global affairs. • Global Issues Understand the major global issues facing the world today. Chapter Objectives

  5. End of Chapter Focus

  6. Democratic Governments • Key Terms • consolidated democracies, parliamentary government, life peers, presidential government, apartheid, sanctions • Find Out • • What are the forms that democratic governments take today? • • What are the challenges for democracy in Western Europe and Japan? Section 1 Introduction-1

  7. Democratic Governments • Understanding Concepts • Comparative GovernmentHow does parliamentary government differ from presidential government? • Section Objective • Compare parliamentary government and presidential government. Section 1 Introduction-2

  8. Margaret Thatcher was prime minister of Great Britain from 1979 until 1990. Thatcher made sweeping reforms in the economy, such as the privatization of many of Britain’s state-owned businesses and industries, effectively ending major socialist policies of previous Labor governments. She also strengthened British and U.S. ties, which helped spur the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe. Section 1-1

  9. I. Parliamentary Systems (pages 689–691) • A. One form of democratic government is parliamentary government, which combines executive and legislative functions in an elected assembly. • B. In Great Britain, Parliament holds almost all governmental authority. • C. The leader of the majority party in the House of Commons becomes the prime minister. • D. Other ministers head executive departments and serve as Cabinet members. Section 1-2

  10. I. Parliamentary Systems (pages 689–691) • E. Japan’s parliament, the National Diet, has two houses. The House of Representatives elects the prime minister. • F. If the parliament votes “no confidence,” the prime minister may dissolve the House and call for elections. Section 1-3

  11. I. Parliamentary Systems (pages 689–691) Of the parliamentary governments discussed, which one would you consider most democratic? Explain. Answers will vary. Before answering, have students define democracy. Section 1-4

  12. II. Presidential Government (pages 691–692) • A. Another way to organize a democracy is by presidential government, which separates executive and legislative powers. • B. The president of France • 1) negotiates treaties; • 2) appoints high officials; • 3) acts as chair in high councils of the armed forces; • 4) may dissolve the National Assembly and call for elections. • C. The President appoints the premier, who appoints the ministers and maintains contact with the National Assembly. Section 1-5

  13. II. Presidential Government (pages 691–692) Section 1-6

  14. II. Presidential Government (pages 691–692) Do you think the different branches of the French government have enough checks and balances? Answers will vary. Point out the special powers of the French president. Section 1-7

  15. III. Emerging Democracies (pages 692–694) • A. Poland was the first eastern European nation to overthrow its Communist government; Lech Walesa, the leader of a trade union called Solidarity, became the first freely elected president in 1990, though a new constitution was not approved until 1997. • B. Beginning in 1948, South Africa followed a policy of apartheid, or strict government-enforced racial segregation; after years of resistance from the African National Congress and others, apartheid laws were repealed during the 1990s, and Nelson Mandela was elected president in 1994. Section 1-8

  16. III. Emerging Democracies (pages 692–694) • C. Despite its 1917 constitution, the Mexican government was more authoritarian than democratic because of the power of the president and control of a single political party. Nationwide electoral reforms introduced in the 1990s allowed other parties to compete fairly in Mexico’s political process. Section 1-9

  17. Checking for Understanding • 1. Main Idea Use a graphic organizer like the one below to compare the most powerful parts of the British and French governments. • British—Parliament serves the legislative and executive functions of government; French—the president appoints the premier, negotiates treaties, may appeal to the people through referendum and dictatorial powers, may dissolve the National Assembly. Section 1 Assessment-1

  18. Checking for Understanding • A. a person who has been awarded a title in the House of Lords for outstanding achievement • B. a form of democratic government in which a president heads the executive branch • C. measures such as withholding economic aid, intended to influence a foreign government’s actions • D. nations that have democratic elections, political parties, a constitutional government, an independent judiciary, and usually a market economy • E. strict segregation of races Match the term with the correct definition. • ___ consolidated democracies • ___ life peer • ___ apartheid • ___ sanctions • ___ presidential government • D • A • E • C • B Section 1 Assessment-2

  19. Checking for Understanding • 3. Identify House of Commons, House of Lords, National Diet, Solidarity. • The House of Commons is the British legislative body of elected representatives. • The House of Lords has historically been an aristocratic body of British parliament; it now amends legislation or votes down bills passed by the Commons. • The National Diet is the Japanese parliament of two houses. • Solidarity was a trade union that emerged from an underground resistance movement to become a political party in Poland. Section 1 Assessment-3

  20. Checking for Understanding • 4. What happens when the majority party in Britain loses a vote in Parliament? • It must resign. Parliament is then dissolved, and new general elections are held. Section 1 Assessment-4

  21. Checking for Understanding • 5. Why is most of the legislation introduced in the Japanese National Diet ultimately passed? • Because the majority party members either approve the legislation or abstain, and the opposition party members are usually not strong enough to stop legislation. Section 1 Assessment-5

  22. Critical Thinking • 6. Understanding Cause and Effect What recent events in Mexico have contributed to making the country more democratic? • In 1994, PRI president Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de Leon introduced electoral reforms, and since Vicente Fox became president in 2000, he has worked to institute more democratic policies. Section 1 Assessment-6

  23. Comparative Government Choose one of the countries with a parliamentary system of government discussed in this section. Draw a diagram that compares the organization of the United States government with the parliamentary system of government that you choose. Section 1 Concepts in Action

  24. End of Section 1

  25. Authoritarian Governments • Key Terms • Muslim, mullah, shah • Find Out • • How does China’s Communist Party control the government? • • How is the role of religion different in Islamic governments than in democratic ones? Section 2 Introduction-1

  26. Authoritarian Governments • Understanding Concepts • Comparative GovernmentWhat are the differences and similarities among the governments of China, North Korea, and Saudi Arabia? • Section Objective • Discuss the traits that authoritarian governments have in common. Section 2 Introduction-2

  27. In 1997 the president of China, Jiang Zemin, visited the White House, the first such visit to the United States by a Chinese president since the Tiananmen Square bloodshed in 1989. The visit resulted in important commercial agreements between the United States and China, but human rights issues remain unresolved. Section 2-1

  28. I. The People’s Republic of China (pages 696–698) • A. China became a republic in 1912; Communists led by Mao Zedong established the People’s Republic of China in 1949. • B. Today China has two parallel systems of government; the ceremonial national government is actually controlled by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Section 2-2

  29. I. The People’s Republic of China (pages 696–698) • C. The Chinese government suppresses criticism, oppresses minorities, and maintains tight control over sources of information such as the Internet. • D. The United States has recognized the Communist government in China since 1979; however, tensions remain over China’s human rights abuses. Section 2-3

  30. I. The People’s Republic of China (pages 696–698) What do you think the Tiananmen Square massacre revealed about communism in China? It revealed that the country’s Communist leadership would resist the rising call for democracy. Section 2-4

  31. II. Communism in Cuba (pages 698–699) • A. In 1959 Fidel Castro established a Communist dictatorship in Cuba that maintained tight control over the people. • B. Castro’s policies provoked the unsuccessful U.S. Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961 and the 1962 Cuban missile crisis. • C. Since the 1990s, Cuba has experienced a deep economic crisis caused in part by the loss of Soviet aid and the U.S.’s 40-year trade embargo. Section 2-5

  32. II. Communism in Cuba (pages 698–699) How well do you think American policy toward Cuba has worked to move Castro toward democracy? Answers will vary; students should assess Cuba’s political climate today. Section 2-6

  33. III. North Korea (page 699) • A. North Korea’s totalitarian government, led by Kim Jong Il, controls all aspects of the lives of North Koreans and demands “absolute devotion” to Kim despite great national suffering. • B. The United States has tried to limit North Korea’s development of chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons. Section 2-7

  34. III. North Korea (page 699) Why do you think that people are willing to pledge devotion to a totalitarian leader despite their own personal suffering? Answers will vary. Students may mention tradition or fear of punishment as possible reasons for supporting totalitarian leaders. Section 2-8

  35. IV. Islamic Governments (pages 699–701) • A.Muslim secularists believe that religious and secular law should be kept separate; these moderate Muslims desire friendly relations with Western nations. • B. Muslim fundamentalists believe that Islamic countries should base their legal system strictly on the law of the Quran; many fundamentalist Muslims are anti-Western and see Western culture and society as a threat to Islamic culture. Section 2-9

  36. IV. Islamic Governments (pages 699–701) • C. In 1979 Muslim fundamentalists, led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, overthrew the pro-capitalist shah, or king, and forced the shah to flee to the United States. Since the Islamic revolution, relations between the United States and Iran have been strained. • D. Since 1932 the government of Saudi Arabia has been based on a fundamentalist interpretation of Islam with no separation of religion and the state. Despite increasing Saudi demands for a modern economy and government, many Americans have accused the Saudi government of indirectly supporting terrorist attacks against the United States. Section 2-10

  37. IV. Islamic Governments (pages 699–701) How should the United States deal with authoritarian governments? Answers will vary. Students should consider the key political differences. Section 2-11

  38. Checking for Understanding • 1. Main Idea Use a graphic organizer like the one below to profile each of the countries covered in this section, and indicate whether the country is moving toward or away from democracy. • Students should list each country and leader discussed in the section, but their opinions may vary as to whether the countries are moving toward or away from democracy. Students should support their answers with evidence from the text. Section 2 Assessment-1

  39. Checking for Understanding • 2. Define Muslim, mullah, shah. • A Muslim is a follower of the religion of Islam. • A mullah is a specially trained Islamic religious leader. • A shah is a king. Section 2 Assessment-2

  40. Checking for Understanding • 3. Identify Politburo, Falun Gong, Bay of Pigs. • The Politburo is an elite group of members of the Chinese Communist Party that sets national policy in China. • Falun Gong is a spiritual movement that combines physical exercise with Buddhism and Taoism. • The Bay of Pigs was a failed invasion of Cuba by the United States in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. Section 2 Assessment-3

  41. Checking for Understanding • 4. What events in 1979 returned Iran to Muslim control? • Fundamentalist Islamists rallied around Ayatollah Khomeini and forced the shah of Iran to flee the country; they then set up a new government based on Islamic principles. Section 2 Assessment-4

  42. Checking for Understanding • 5. Why is China not a democratic nation? • China is not a democratic nation because the Chinese Communist Party controls the government through the Politburo. Section 2 Assessment-5

  43. Critical Thinking • 6. Recognizing Ideologies How does the North Korean government promote its state leader to the people? • North Korea’s government promotes Kim Jong Il as the “Great Leader” and demands unquestioning loyalty to him from the people. Section 2 Assessment-6

  44. Comparative Government Choose a country discussed in this section. Research recent political developments in this country. Imagine that you are traveling to the country that you chose. Write a letter to a friend describing the country, its government, and the extent to which the government affects people’s lives. Section 2 Concepts in Action

  45. End of Section 2

  46. International Organizations • Key Terms • nongovernmental organizations, intergovernmental organizations, supranational organizations • Find Out • • What is the basic structure of the United Nations? • • What is the history of the European Union’s development? Section 3 Introduction-1

  47. International Organizations • Understanding Concepts • Political ProcessesHow does the UN Security Council operate and guide the decisions of the General Assembly? • Section Objective • Evaluate the impact of international organizations on global affairs. Section 3 Introduction-2

  48. The idea of the European Union was conceived to prevent the killing and destruction of World War II from ever happening again. The idea was first proposed by French foreign minister Robert Schuman in a speech on May 9, 1950. This date, the “birthday” of what is now the EU, is celebrated annually as Europe Day. Section 3-1

  49. I. The United Nations (pages 702–704) • A. The United Nations (UN) provides a forum for nations to settle disputes peacefully through cooperation rather than conflict. • B. The General Assembly is made up of delegations of five representatives from each member nation. • C. The UN Security Council is composed of 15 nations, 5 of which are permanent members. It has the authority to make peacekeeping decisions for the UN. • D. The Secretariat conducts the UN’s day-to-day business and is headed by the Secretary General, who carries out the instructions of the Security Council. Section 3-2

  50. I. The United Nations (pages 702–704) • E. The International Court of Justice settles disputes involving international law. • F. The Economic and Social Council promotes social and economic progress around the world. • G. The UN also has special agencies that carry out humanitarian activities. • H. UN peacekeeping often involves inserting an international force of troops between combatants to calm volatile situations; sometimes lightly armed peacekeeping forces will oversee elections or provide humanitarian aid. Section 3-3

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