Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture

1. Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture

2. In vitro culture, Cell Culture, Tissue Culture, Organ Culture, Embryo Culture?

3. In Vitro Culture • The culture of organized living material cell under artificial condition in tubes, glasses, dishes • The process of growing organized living materials artificially in the laboratory • The culture and maintenance of organized living materials, in sterile, nutritionally (synthetic media) and environmentally (controlled) supportive conditions

4. Organized living material Heterogeneous (organs) Homogeneous (tissues)

5. Tissue Hooke (1665) and Leeuwenhoek (1677) using microscope discovered tissues were made of cells

6. Cells The cells of a particular tissue had a common structure.

7. Cell • Taken to its simplest form • A plasma membrane… • Surrounding cytoplasm… • Containing hereditary material.

8. Organism Organ-system Organ Tissue Cell Level of complexity • Xavier Bichat (1771-1802): An organ is composed of different tissues • Several organs can be grouped together as anorgan system (e.g. the digestive system)

9. Level of complexity • Purkinje (1835) observed a fertilised hen's egg (a single cell) could develop into an embryo (many specialised cells in a compact mass) • C19th botanists showed that plant tissues consist of many different types of cells.

10. THE CELL THEORY • Schleiden (1838) & Schwann (1839) “The cell is the basic unit of living tissue” The cell is an autonomous unit (“a citizen”) grouped together to form an organism (“the society”).

11. « Omnis cellula e cellula » Virchow (1858) “all cells come from pre-existing cells”

12. Cell culture The process by which prokaryotic, eukaryotic or plant cells are grown under controlled conditions. Cell culture was first successfully undertaken in animal cell by Ross Harrison (1907) and in plant cells by Haberlandt (1902)

13. Image Credit Frog embryo fate map ORGANISMAL THEORY Reichert (a morphologist): An organism has a structured plan

14. Plasmodesmata Strasberger (a cytologist): Cells are connected in an organism sometimes by cytoplasmic bridges

15. Acellular organisms Some organisms do not have cellular compartments

16. Unicellular organisms • Some organisms only consist of a single cell • But these do usually have the cell components (nucleus, membrane, etc)

17. Tissue culture In vitro cultivation of organs, tissues & cells at defined temperature using an incubator & supplemented with a medium containing cell nutrients & growth factors • Cells can be cultured away from a body • But this often requires elaborate support systems (technology)

18. Organized living material • Animal Cells • Plant Cells Plant Tissue Culture

19. Plant Tissue Culture “the aseptic culture of plant protoplasts, cells, tissues or organs under conditions which lead to cell multiplication or regeneration of organs or whole plants “

20. Basic Tissue Culture Procedures

21. Requirement • Appropriate tissue (some tissues culture better than others) • A suitable growth medium containing energy sources and inorganic salts to supply cell growth needs. This can be liquid or semisolid • Aseptic (sterile) conditions, as microorganisms grow much more quickly than plant tissue and can over run a culture • Growth regulators, both auxins & cytokinins.

22. Why we should learn Plant Tissue Culture? • Commercial purpose 1. Propagation 2. Secondary metabolite • Research Purpose 1. Nutrient adsorption 2. Growth hormone function • Breeding purpose 1. Preservation 2. Genetic variability 3. Hybridization 4. Selection

23. Course Outline History of plant tissue culture Basic principle of plant tissue culture Determining factors in plant tissue culture Micropropagation Pattern of development Micropropation enterprice