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The Changing Environment of Building Automation

The Changing Environment of Building Automation. Bill Swan Alerton. The Need to Save Energy Drivers. The Need to Save Energy Drivers. Saving Energy With Your BAS Primary References and Topics. Saving Energy With Your BAS Primary References and Topics.

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The Changing Environment of Building Automation

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  1. The Changing Environment of Building Automation Bill Swan Alerton

  2. The Need to Save EnergyDrivers The Need to Save Energy Drivers

  3. Saving Energy With Your BASPrimary References and Topics Saving Energy With Your BAS Primary References and Topics

  4. Saving Energy With Your BASPrimary References and Topics • ASHRAE Standards • ASHRAE 90.1-2007 • ASHRAE 189.1P (3rd public review) • USGBC 2009 Rating Systems & Ref. Guides • LEED for Commercial Interiors • LEED for Core & Shell • LEED for Green Buildings: O&M • LEED for New Construction • LEED for Schools

  5. Saving Energy With Your BASPrimary References and Topics ASHRAE Advanced Energy Design Guides (30% reduction from ASHRAE 90.1-1999) Small Office Buildings Small Retail Buildings K-12 School Buildings Other • ASHRAE GreenGuide

  6. Saving Energy With Your BAS Primary References and Topics Potable Water Lighting HVAC Controls Hydronic Systems Testing, Calibration and Cx Metering, Measurement and Verification Integrated Systems

  7. Saving Energy With Your BASPotable Water Potable Water (PW)

  8. Saving Energy With Your BASPotable Water Issues: 7 – 8% of U.S. energy spent to treat and transport water Highest-quality PW used for low-quality purposes Fresh water sources limited and unequally distributed Increasing demand for water may outstrip sources • Strategy: Reduce potable water use • Greywater re-use • Rainwater harvesting • A/C condensate collection • Use collected water for • Flushing • Irrigation • Cooling tower make-up

  9. Saving Energy With Your BASPotable Water The BAS contribution: Monitor tank water level If empty, switch to municipal water Control pump(s) Accumulate filter runtimes Meter potable water usage Meter non-potable water usage Monitor soil moisture sensors for irrigation Other controls for cooling-tower water management • Note: Savings show up on water bills, not energy

  10. Saving Energy With Your BASPotable Water Potable Water-Use Reduction LEED-CIRequired: 20% reduction LEED-CS “ LEED-NC “ LEED-Schools “ LEED-CI Credit: (30%-40% reduction, 6-11 pts) LEED-CS Credit: (30%-40% reduction, 2-4 pts) LEED-NC “ LEED-Schools “

  11. Saving Energy With Your BASPotable Water Water-Efficient Landscaping LEED-CI Credit: (50%-100% reduction, 2 or 4 pts) LEED-CS Credit: “ LEED-Schools Credit: “ LEED-EB Credit: (50%-100% reduction, 1-5 pts) (1-5 pts) 50% to 100% reduction • Innovative Wastewater Technologies • LEED-CI Credit: (50% less PW for sewage, 2 pts) • LEED-CS Credit: “ • LEED-NC Credit: “ • LEED-Schools Credit: “

  12. Saving Energy With Your BASPotable Water Stormwater (Design): Quantity Control LEED-CS Credit: (1 pt) LEED-EB Credit: “ LEED-NC Credit: “ LEED-Schools Credit: “ (+ extra credit) • Cooling Tower Water Management • LEED-EB Credit: Chemical Management (1 pt) • LEED-EB Credit: 50% non-PW (1 pt)

  13. Saving Energy With Your BASPotable Water Metering, Measurement & Verification LEED-EB Credit: meter building and grounds (1 pt) 189.1P Meter building and grounds (6.3.3.1) LEED-EB Credit: meter end-uses (1 pt) 189.1P Meter end uses (6.3.3.1) 189.1P Store meter data, issue reports (6.3.3.1)

  14. Saving Energy With Your BASPotable Water Greywater: Wastewater from showers, baths, non-food sinks Not “blackwater,” containing organic or toxic matter Defined by local health codes Can only be held for a short time Use where high ratio water demand nonpotable:potable Restaurants Laundries Hotels

  15. Saving Energy With Your BASPotable Water Greywater re-use pluses: Less demand on municipal water supply Less demand on municipal sewage system Lower water costs • Greywater re-use minuses: • High initial costs • Ongoing maintenance costs

  16. Saving Energy With Your BASPotable Water Rainwater and condensates: Rain collected from impermeable surfaces such as roofs • Pluses: • Lower water costs • Reduce or eliminate stormwater treatment & conveyance • Minuses: • High initial costs • Ongoing maintenance costs • Local/state codes have jurisdiction

  17. Saving Energy With Your BASLighting Lighting

  18. Saving Energy With Your BASLighting • Issues: • ~11% of U.S. electricity for commercial building lighting* • Lighting often left on when and where not needed • Lighting not always optimal for occupants • Excessive light to exterior causes light pollution • Strategies: Reduce lighting • Turn lights off when not needed • Scheduling • Occupancy sensors • Individual controls • Exterior lighting • Reduce lighting to minimum need • Dimming • Daylighting * Source: U.S. Department of Energy

  19. Saving Energy With Your BASLighting • Turn unneeded lights off: Scheduling • Use where occupancy times are regular and known • Provide (individual) on-time overrides • Provide (zone/room) off-time overrides with timeout • Unify with the BAS/EMCS scheduling system

  20. Saving Energy With Your BASLighting • Turn unneeded lights off: Scheduling • 90.1, “Automatic Lighting Shutoff” (9.4.1.1) • Shut off building lighting on a scheduled basis • 90.1, “Space Control” (9.4.1.2) • Override of scheduled-off up to 4 hours allowed • 189.1P, “Controls for Outdoor Lighting”(7.4.6.7) • Turn off 50+% (certain) exterior lighting “when not needed” • 189.1P, “…Egress and Security Lighting”(7.4.6.4) • Lighting >5 W/m2 controlled by time switch

  21. Saving Energy With Your BASLighting • Turn unneeded lights off: Scheduling • “Light Pollution Reduction”: • Non-emergency lighting visible to exterior reduced 50+% • Override up to 30 minutes okay • LEED-CI: Credit: (Reduce 11PM – 5 AM,1 pt) • LEED-CS “ • LEED-NC “ • LEED-Schools “

  22. Saving Energy With Your BASLighting • Turn unneeded lights off: Scheduling • ASHRAE Advanced Energy Design Guides: • AEDG – Small Office Buildings • EMCS “can be used to schedule… outdoor lighting…”

  23. Saving Energy With Your BASLighting • Turn unneeded lights off: Occupancy Sensors • Two basic types: • Passive Infrared (PIR) • Direct view • Ultrasonic • Indirect sensing (restrooms, etc.) • May be sensitive to strong airflow • Sensors are optimized per application. • Read the manufacturers’ literature! • Workspaces: • Look-down ceiling sensor for small-motion work is best

  24. Saving Energy With Your BASLighting • Turn unneeded lights off: Occupancy Sensors • 90.1, “Automatic Lighting Shutoff” (9.4.1.1) • Shut off lighting 30 minutes after space unoccupied • 90.1, “Space Control” (9.4.1.2) • Shut off lighting 30 minutes after space unoccupied in classrooms, conference rooms, lunch & break rooms

  25. Saving Energy With Your BASLighting • Turn unneeded lights off: Occupancy Sensors • 189.1P, “Occupancy Sensor Controls” (7.4.6.2) • Lists room types that shall have occupancy detectors • Automatic and manual shutoff required • Specifies dimming and daylighting operation • 189.1P, “…Multi-Level Switching or Dimming” (7.4.6.3) • (Where and how occupancy sensors interact) • 189.1P, “Manual-ON” Occupancy Sensors(7.4.6.6) • Occupancy sensors shall be manual-on/automatic-off

  26. Saving Energy With Your BASLighting • Turn unneeded lights off: Occupancy Sensors • “Light Pollution Reduction”: • Non-emergency lighting visible to exterior reduced 50+% • Occupancy detector override up to 30 minutes okay • LEED-CI: Credit: (Reduce 11PM – 5 AM,1 pt) • LEED-CS “ • LEED-NC “ • LEED-Schools “

  27. Saving Energy With Your BASLighting • Turn unneeded lights off: Occupancy Sensors • ASHRAE Advanced Energy Design Guides: • Small Office Buildings (& Small Retail) • Use manual-on/automatic-off sensors • In daylit spaces use manual-on sensors (+ task lamps) • In open-plan offices: • Ceiling-mounted ultrasonic sensors • Revert to manual-on after manual- or automatic-off • In private offices: • IR wall-box sensors • Generally sensors should be medium to high sensitivity • 15-minute delay to turnoff (lamp life vs. energy savings)

  28. Saving Energy With Your BASLighting • Turn unneeded lights off: Individual Controls • Individual controls gives control over workspace • Greater satisfaction through better control • Provide lower-energy task lighting • “Controllability of Systems, Lighting”: • Individual controls for 90% (workspace) occupants • Controls for shared multi-occupant spaces • LEED-CI: Credit: (1 pt) • LEED-EB: Credit: (50% occupants & shared, 1 pt) • LEED-NC: Credit: (1 pt) • LEED-Schools: Credit: (+ learning spaces, 1 pt)

  29. Saving Energy With Your BASLighting • Turn unneeded lights off: Exterior Lighting • Dim and/or turn off exterior lighting when not needed • Building facades, parking lots, garages etc. • 90.1, “Exterior Lighting Control” (9.4.1.3) • Lighting not for dusk-to-dawn operation controlled by: • Combination of photosensor and time switch, or • Astronomical time switch • 189.1P, “Controls for Outdoor Lighting” (7.4.6.5 ) • Continuous dimming at least 50% to 80% reduction, or • 25% to 50% reduction of continuous-dimmed HID sources

  30. Saving Energy With Your BASLighting • Turn unneeded lights off: Exterior Lighting • ASHRAE Advanced Energy Design Guides: • AEDG – Small Office Buildings • Use photocell or astronomical time switch • EMCS can schedule and manage outdoor lighting • When building unoccupied, turn off non-security lighting

  31. Saving Energy With Your BASLighting • Reduce lighting to minimum need: Daylighting • Adjust lighting for desired levels in daylit zones • Use photosensors to set lighting level • Pluses: • Reduced energy costs (possibly 60+%) * • Extends lighting maintenance cycle up to 3x * • Minuses: • Increased initial cost • Needs close architectural, structural and lighting design * Source: ASHRAE GreenGuide

  32. Saving Energy With Your BASLighting • Reduce lighting to minimum need: Daylighting • 189.1P, “…Lighting in Daylight Zones” (7.4.6.5) • Reduce lighting power in response to available daylight: • By continuous dimming, or • Combined stepped switching and daylight sensing • “…Energy Performance, Lighting Controls”: • LEED-CI: Credit: (within daylight zones, 1 pt) Credit: (50+% of connected load, 1 pt) Credit: (75+ of connected load, 1 pt)

  33. Saving Energy With Your BASLighting • Reduce lighting to minimum need: Daylighting • ASHRAE Advanced Energy Design Guides: • AEDG – Small Office Buildings • In offices, dim instead of switch to minimize distraction • Switching may be used in non-office environment • Consider more switching levels than minimum • Avoid checkerboard or non-uniform patterns • Sensor must be properly specified for situation • Sensor best installed in window frame or skylight well • Controls must be commissioned after furniture in place • Most sensors require day- and night-time calibration • Poor calibration can lead to permanent override

  34. Saving Energy With Your BASLighting • Reduce lighting to minimum need: Daylighting • ASHRAE Advanced Energy Design Guides: • AEDG – Small Retail • In sales areas, dim instead of switch to minimize distraction • Switching may be used in non-sales environment • Sensor best installed in skylight well • AEDG – K-12 Schools • Sensor must be properly specified for situation • Closed-loop sensor installed above unobstructed location • Open-loop sensor best installed in skylight well • Consider today’s requirements of video image projection

  35. Saving Energy With Your BASHVAC Controls HVAC Controls

  36. Saving Energy With Your BASHVAC Controls • Issues: • <25% of commercial building floor space has an EMCS * • Just 13 BAS faults account for 4-20% total energy use** • Strategy: Save energy by: • Greater use of schedules and other means for shutdown • Ventilate only as needed • Use more efficient heating and cooling strategies • Reducing equipment runtimes • Efficiently unloading equipment • Automated fault detection and diagnostic systems * Source: Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) 2003, Energy Information Administration ** Source: “Energy Impact of Commercial Building Controls and Performance Diagnostics,” TIAX LLC 11/2005

  37. Saving Energy With Your BASHVAC Controls • Use Less Energy! • LEED-CI, “Optimize Energy Performance, HVAC”: • 1. Install HVAC systems with specified efficiency requirements (5 pts), with appropriate zoning and controls (5 pts). 2. Demonstrate HVAC component performance 15% (5 pts) or 30% (10 pts) better than 90.1-2007. • AEDG Small Office & Retail, “Control Strategies” • Short summary of strategies including time-of-day scheduling, setback temperatures, etc.

  38. Saving Energy With Your BASHVAC Controls • Off-Hour Controls • 90.1, “Off-hour controls”: (6.4.3.3) • HVAC systems shall comply with • “Automatic Shutdown” • “Setback Controls” • “Optimum Start Controls,” and • “Zone Isolation.” • 90.1, “Automatic Shutdown”: (6.4.3.3.1) • HVAC systems shall have at least one of: • Time schedules (7 days), 2 hour manual override • Occupant sensor shutdown 30 minutes no occupancy • Manually-operated timer up to 2 hours • Shutdown on security system activation

  39. Saving Energy With Your BASHVAC Controls • Off-Hour Controls • 90.1, “Setback Controls”: (6.4.3.3.2) • Heating systems in climate zones (2-8) shall be capable of maintaining zones at 55°F or lower. Cooling systems in (dry) climate zones 1b, 2b and 3b shall be capable of maintaining zones at 90°F or higher to prevent high humidity levels. • 90.1, “Optimum Start Controls”: (6.4.3.3.3) • Heating and cooling systems > 10,000 cfm shall have optimum start controls. • 90.1, “Zone Isolation”: (6.4.3.3.4) • Zones to be operated or occupied non-simultaneously shall be isolated.

  40. Saving Energy With Your BASHVAC Controls • Off-Hour Controls • 90.1, “Shutoff Damper Controls”: (6.4.3.4.3) • Outdoor air supply and exhaust systems shall have motorized dampers that will shut when spaces served are not in use. (Exceptions for preoccupancy warm-up, cool down, code requirements, etc.) • 90.1 summary: • HVAC systems shall have: • Methods for automatic shutdown, • Specific setback requirements depending on climate, • Optimum Start capability, • Isolation of zones used/occupied at different times, and • Motorized dampers to be closed when spaces not used.

  41. Saving Energy With Your BASHVAC Controls • CO2 Sensors • 90.1, “…Controls forHigh-Occupancy Areas”: (6.4.3.9) • Demand-controlled ventilation (DCV) is required for spaces > 500 ft2 and 40+ people/1000 ft2 (and served by air-side economizer, modulating outdoor air damper, or outdoor airflow >3000 cfm). • 189.1P, “…Controls for High-Occupancy Areas”: (7.4.3.2) • Supersedes 90.1 DCV requirements. DCV shall comply with ASHRAE 62.1. • 189.1P, “Naturally-Ventilated Spaces”: (8.3.1.2.2) • Densely-occupied spaces require CO2 monitoring. (Installation details included.)

  42. Saving Energy With Your BASHVAC Controls • CO2 Sensors • 189.1P, “CO2 Sensors”: (8.3.1.2.3) • Installation details and requirements for CO2 sensors, including accuracy to ±50 ppm at 1000 ppm. Outdoor CO2 may be measured near outdoor air intake or assumed to be 400 ppm. • 90.1-2007 and 189.1P summary: • 90.1 requires DCV for high-occupancy areas. • 189.1P supercedes 90.1 DCV requirements, specifies CO2 sensor installation and requirements. • LEED-Schools, “Outdoor Air Delivery Monitoring”: • Naturally ventilated and densely-occupied spaces (25+ people/1000 ft2) require CO2 monitoring. (1 pt)

  43. Saving Energy With Your BASHVAC Controls • CO2 Sensors • AEDG Small Office, “Ventilation Air” • DCV should be used in varying and high-occupancy areas and may use CO2 sensors. See “Carbon Dioxide Sensors.” • AEDG Small Office & Retail, “Carbon Dioxide Sensors” • Recommends sensor locations and density, and use of multiple sensors. DCV should maintain CO2 at ≤ 600 ppm over outdoor CO2, but should not exceed limits set by code. Outdoor CO2 may be measured near outdoor air intake or assumed to be 400 ppm. CO2 sensors should have an accuracy no less than 75 ppm.

  44. Saving Energy With Your BASHVAC Controls • Ventilation Monitoring • 189.1P, “…Ventilated by Mechanical Systems”: (8.3.1.2.1) • In VAV systems direct total outdoor airflow to be monitored down to minimum outdoor airflow rate, with accuracy of 15% of minimum outdoor airflow rate. Issue alarms when flow rates are not in compliance. • LEED-Schools, “Outdoor Air Delivery Monitoring”: • Monitor ventilation system performance, with alarms on variance of 10% or more from design. (1 pt)

  45. Saving Energy With Your BASHVAC Controls • Economizers • 90.1, “Design Capacity”: (6.5.1.1.1) • Air economizers shall be capable of modulating the outdoor air and return air dampers to provide up to 100% of the design air supply quantity, using outdoor air for cooling. • AEDG Small Office & Retail Buildings, “Economizers” • Economizers, when recommended, help save energy... Consider using enthalpy controls to avoid introducing unwanted moisture in hot, humid climates. • AEDG Small Office Buildings, “Ventilation Air” • The systems should be capable of modulating the outdoor air, return air and relief dampers to provide up to 100% of the design air supply quantity, using outdoor air for cooling.

  46. Saving Energy With Your BASHVAC Controls • No Unnecessary Heating • 90.1, “Heat Pump Auxiliary Control”: (6.4.3.5) • Heat pumps with (supplemental) heaters shall have control to prevent supplemental heating when heat load can be met by the heat pump alone during steady-state operation and setback recovery. Supplemental heating is permitted during outdoor air defrost cycles. • 90.1, “Humidifier Preheat”: (6.4.3.6) • Humidifiers with preheating jackets in the airstream shall shutoff preheat when humidification is not required.

  47. Saving Energy With Your BASHVAC Controls • Individual Controls • “Controllability of Systems, Thermal Comfort”: • Individual controls for 50% (workspace) occupants • Controls for shared multi-occupant spaces • LEED-CI: Credit: (1 pt) • LEED-CS: “ • LEED-NC: “ • LEED-Schools: “

  48. Saving Energy With Your BASHVAC Controls • Prevent Opposed Operations • 90.1, “Zone Controls”: (6.5.2.1) • Zone controls shall … prevent reheating, recooling,mixing or simultaneously supplying air that is mechanically heated and air that has been cooled mechanically or by economizers, and other simultaneous heating and cooling. • 90.1, “Humidification and Dehumidification”: (6.4.3.7) • Prevent simultaneous operation of humidification and dehumidification equipment. • 90.1, “Dehumidification”: (6.4.2.3) • Humidification controls shall prevent mixing hot and cold airstreams, and simultaneous air stream heating and cooling.

  49. Saving Energy With Your BASHydronic Systems Hydronic Systems

  50. Saving Energy With Your BASHydronic Systems • 90.1, “Three-Pipe System”: (6.5.2.2.1) • A common return system for both hot and chilled water shall not be used. • 90.1, “Two-Pipe Changeover System”: (6.5.2.2.2) • Common distribution for heated and chilled water may be used if: • Changeover deadband is ≥15°F outdoor air temp, • System operates 4+ hours before changeover, and • Heating and cooling supply temps ≤30°F at changeover. • 90.1, “Hydronic … Heat Pump Systems”: (6.5.2.2.3) • Hydronic heat pumps with a common heat pump water loop with central heat rejection (e.g. cooling tower) and heat addition (e.g. boiler) shall have controls providing deadband ≥15°F between initiation of heat rejection and addition.

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