Chapter 8

1. Chapter 8 From World War to Cold War p. 117-149 (Norman Lowe)

2. Key things to take note of: • Essential Question: -Why was there no genuine peace in the World after World War Two? • Enduring Understanding: -There was no genuine peace after World War Two due to the ideological conflicts and power struggle between Capitalist and Communist states, namely the USA and USSR which led to the Cold War. Question: How does national interest fit into the enduring understanding? Video: ABC News classroom edition: The Cold War Begins (Part 1) (SCGS Library)

3. What is a ‘Cold War’? 14th Century Spanish Writer: Don Juan Manuel “A hot war either ended in death or peace but a cold war ‘brings neither peace nor honour to those who wage it.’” This phrase was popularised by Walter Lippmann (a critic of the Cold War) in 1947. How might a Cold War be waged?

4. Overview Part I: Origins/Causes of the Cold War A) Competing ideologies: Communism vs. Capitalism B) Feelings of mistrust stemming from competing ideologies. C) Breakdown of temporary war time allegiances (no longer shared Common interest/enemy) USSR now seen as bigger threat than Germany. Power struggle between USA vs. USSR D) Who was to blame for the Cold War? Part II: Impact on Europe A) Europe was divided (different spheres of influence) E.g. NATO vs. Warsaw Pact E.g. Marshall Plan vs. COMECON B) Germany was divided C) Truman Doctrine introduced (US intervention in other Countries to contain Communism) Part III: Impact on Wider World A) China joined the Cold War (US intervention in Asia) B) Korean War. Korea was Divided (Hot War episode in the Midst of Cold War) (Repercussions still felt Today) C) Cuban Missile Crisis Brinkmanship that ironically Led to better US-USSR Relations, but led to spilt Between China and USSR. Sim.

5. Part A: Competing ideologies -Communism vs. Capitalism -Communism vs. Democracy

6. Ideologies • A set of ideas that influence the way in which society functions. • Economic: How should the economy be organised? Centralised? (I,e. Regulated by government) Decentralised? (I.e. Regulated by market forces?) • Who should benefit from the economic system? • -Middle class? (Capitalism) Working Class? (Socialism) • -Political: How should a society be ruled? By the people? (Democracy) By a group of people? (Oligarchy) By one man or party? (Monarchy? Authoritarianism?) • -Social: Should men and women have equal status in society? Men should lead? (Patriarchy) or Women should have equal rights? (Feminism)

7. Clarifying some ideologies • Democracy ≠ Capitalism. • Democracy is a political concept that means “rule by the people” -There are however different types of democratic systems, even though all involve free elections where representatives are voted into power by the people. • Communist countries also claims that they have a democratic system that is even more democratic than Capitalist countries. • Capitalism is an economic system which believes: -that there should be private property -that profit making should be the ultimate goal -In a free-market economy (economy not controlled by the state)

8. Communism -Centrally-planned economy. State does the economic planning. -E.g. State controls the supply of goods. So supply dictates demand for goods. -E.g. Prices of goods are fixed by the State. Little changes in prices. -Overriding concern: Achieving Full Employment. -The State is responsible for the welfare of the individual. -Narrow wealth gap (although not often true) -Supporters: Proletariat (Workers) Capitalism -Free market economy. The market forces decides for itself. -E.g. Market allows demand to dictate supply of goods. -E.g. Prices of goods are set by the market. Can be volatile. -Overriding concern: Profit-maximisation. Therefore efficiency is very important. -The individual is responsible for its own welfare. -Wider wealth gap -Supporters: Bourgeoisie (middle class) Competing ideologies

9. Communism -Democratic centralism -Top-down approach: There is debate within the party, but once the Party line has been decided, everybody must adhere to it. -No free elections. Selection of leaders to ensure continuity. -Rights of the community are very important. -Only one political party: The vanguards e.g. Communist Party. Democracy -Popular Sovereignty -Bottom up approach: Government has to act in the interest of the people and must engage them in dialogue in order to know that they need. -Free elections. People decide their leaders. -Rights of the Individual are very important -Many different political parties. (with different manifestos) Competing ideologies

10. What is the purpose of ideologies? Why does Man come up with new ideas? What are they ideas about? Think about Liberalism, Socialism, Feminism. Why did thinkers come up with these ideologies?

11. Is the conflict merely about different abstract ideas? How does the material (i.e. concrete) life fit into this? p. 203 (Kitchen debate) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VPWG1i6YqVo&feature=related p. 206 (Truman’s + Lenin’s speech)

12. Something to ponder about • How does one assess whether one ideology is superior to the other? • Why does one group subscribe to one set of ideologies and another to a different set of ideologies? • It is because they believe that their set of ideology will make life better? • Ideas are not important for themselves, but for the kind of material progress that it produces. Therefore material well-being is thus a convenient measure of the supremacy of one ideology over another.

13. Part B: Entrenched feelings of mistrust Due to competing ideologies

14. Entrenched feelings of mistrust Deep-rooted • Stemming from competing ideologies. • The two systems theoretically speaking cannot co-exist. • The triumph of Communism necessitates the destruction of Capitalism. Marx saw it as socio-economic development: Feudalism replaced by Capitalism, Capitalism replaced by Communism. (Marx claimed that this was a universalistic principle, which means that it cannot be contained within national borders. Explains Trotsky’s theory of World Revolution. • Anything that feels like it is on the defensive often reacts by taking the offensive. (Remember Japan?) • -E.g. Capitalist countries taking concrete measures to prevent the spread of Communism and the fulfilment of Marx’s prediction. Britain, France, Japan and USA sending funds to help the Whites against the Reds in the Russian Civil War 1918-1921.

15. Mistrust (due to competing ideologies) -USA fears that USSR wants to spread Communism to other countries and thereby increase its sphere of influence. -USSR fears that USA wants to crush it by isolating it from other countries, and by building up America’s own sphere of influence. • Power struggle • -Arms race (to develop nuclear power) • “Star wars” (to develop a space programme) • Race to build up one’s own sphere of influence (Note that Power is not an end in itself, but it is the means to an end)

16. Part C: Breaking down of War time alliances -Why? Was it clear right from the start? (inevitable) Or was there a turning point? -To what extent did personalities have a part to play in the worsening of relations between the one-time allies?

17. Why did USA, Britain ally with USSR in the first place? • Ideological explanation: -Liberal democracy and Communism are both products of the Enlightenment: Both seek progress, but through different means. Socialism wanted to be more inclusive than Liberalism. -Nazism however is anti-Enlightenment/modern in the sense that it harks back to the past, and wants a return to conservatism and patriarchy. • Balance of Power explanation: -Germany was getting too strong. If it wins the war, it will be the dominant power in Europe. Therefore, there is a need to tilt the balance of power by creating an alliance with USSR to make Germany’s defeat certain.

18. Conference at Yalta • Date • Participants • Agenda • What happened? • http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWyalta.htm

19. Conference at Potsdam • Date • Participants • Agenda • What happened? • http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWpotsdam.htm

20. Part D: Who was to blame? Traditional interpretation (USSR to blame) Revisionist interpretation (USA to blame) Post-Revisionist interpretation (Both parties responsible + other forces)

21. Origins of the Cold War -Underlying Ideological differences -National interests (Broad overview) Why did it start to go wrong in 1945? -Poland -Economic Reconstruction -Germany -Atomic Bomb (Specific instances where US-USA disagreed.) Policy of Containment Confining Soviet Power, 1947-9 -Truman Doctrine -Marshall Plan -Berlin airlift (against the blockade) -Creation of NATO (How did USSR counter in each instance?) Cold War in the Wider World -Hot War in Korea 1953-61 -Cuban Missile Crisis 1962

22. Yes Look at underlying differences in ideologies (Communism vs. Capitalism) Competing national interests (seen in disagreement over Poland + Germany) No Look at the circumstances of that time that contributed to the breakdown of alliance. E.g. Changes in leaders E.g. Invention of nuclear bomb that threatened the existing status quo. Was the Cold War inevitable? Consider both perspectives, but you must pick one side and argue convincingly for that side. You must not sit on the fence.

23. The following were equally important reasons for the outbreak of the Cold War: Ideological Conflict Yalta and Potsdam Conference Mutual distrust between West and USSR

24. Ideological conflict • Conflict between Capitalism and Communism • Explain why they view each other as rival ideologies. • Recall: Stationary cars do not collide. • Ideological conflict temporarily shelved during WWII due to presence of a greater threat: Fascism.

25. Yalta conference Ukraine (4th-11th Feb 1945) Disagreement over the installation of a pro-Soviet government for Poland (The Lublin Committee) Churchill wanted free elections in Poland. Stalin promised to hold elections but did not keep to his promise. Disagreement over the fate of Germany, in particular, the size of the reparations. Stalin wanted $10 million (in kind), but Churchill objected to it. Did not want a repeat of TOV. Potsdam conference Germany (17th July-2nd Aug 1945) Note: Victory in Europe day: 8th May 1945. Division of Germany into 4 occupation zones. (Same with Austria + capital cities: Berlin and Vienna) Agreement on war reparations to the Soviet Union from their zone of occupation in Germany. It was also agreed that 10% of the industrial capacity of the western zones unnecessary for the German peace economy should be transferred to the Soviet Union within 2 years. Poland and Germany:Disagreement over the fate of Poland and Germany

26. How did the allies feel about Stalin not honouring his promise? • The Western Powers soon realized that Stalin would not honor his free elections promise regarding Poland. After receiving considerable criticism in London following Yalta regarding the atrocities committed in Poland by Soviet troops, Churchill wrote Roosevelt a desperate letter referencing the wholesale deportations and liquidations of opposition Poles by the Soviets.[13] Roosevelt, however, maintained his confidence in Stalin, reasoning that Stalin's early priesthood training had "entered into his nature of the way in which a Christian gentleman should behave."[13] On March 1, Roosevelt assured Congress that "I come from the Crimea with a firm belief that we have made a start on the road to a world of peace."[13] By March 21, Roosevelt's Ambassador to the USSR Averell Harriman cabled Roosevelt that "we must come clearly to realize that the Soviet program is the establishment of totalitarianism, ending personal liberty and democracy as we know it."[14] Two days later, Roosevelt began to admit that his view of Stalin had been excessively optimistic and that "Averell is right."[14] • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalta_Conference

27. Mutual distrust between the West and USSR • Both parties were haunted by past altercations between the two-sides. History of tensions between both sides • Russian Civil War (1918-1921) West aided the Whites against the Reds. Showed that West wanted to destroy Communism. • Spanish Civil War (1936-9): West allowed Mussolini and Hitler to act against the Socialist government, by supporting the nationalist forces led by Francisco Franco (who in turn set up a military dictatorship) • Nazi-Soviet Pact 1939: Stalin had collaborated with Hitler against the West • Late opening of the Western Front. There was a period of interlude for almost 2 years before the Western Front was reopened. (Stalin was angry at the West) • The invention of the atomic bomb. (Why was Russia only told about the bomb after it had been successfully tested?) Subsequent use of atomic bomb against Japan also proved that US did not want USSR to get a foothold in Japan. Altered the balance of power: Enhanced the sense of rivalry between USSR and USA.

28. The late re-opening of the Western Front • For almost two years 1942-1944, there was no land-fighting on the Western Front with the exception of commando raids and the guerrilla actions of the resistance aided by the SOE and OSS. However, in the meantime, the Allies took the war to Germany, with a strategic bombing campaign the US Eighth Air Force bombing Germany by day and the RAF Bomber Command bombing by night…. • On June 6, 1944, the Allies began Operation Overlord (also known as "D-Day") — the long-awaited liberation of France. • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)#1944-45:_the_Second_Front

29. What is the relationship between the three factors? Are they equally important?