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Quiz on DNA & RNA

Quiz on DNA & RNA. Actual link to quiz in case hyperlink doesn’t work: http://www.biologyjunction.com/qz_DNA.html. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. Genes: small sections of DNA Controls production of proteins Nucleotide: base unit for strand of DNA (made of sugar, phosphate and nitrogenous base.

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Quiz on DNA & RNA

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  1. Quiz on DNA & RNA • Actual link to quiz in case hyperlink doesn’t work: • http://www.biologyjunction.com/qz_DNA.html

  2. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS • Genes: small sections of DNA • Controls production of proteins • Nucleotide: base unit for strand of DNA (made of sugar, phosphate and nitrogenous base

  3. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS • Proteins are used to build cells and control chemical reactions so they do most of the work • Ex: breaking down glucose in cellular respiration, digesting food, making spindle fibers in mitosis

  4. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS • Proteins are polymers of amino acids • Amino acid chains are call polypeptides • Nucleotides in each gene has info for assembling string of amino acids that make up a single protein

  5. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS • Enzymes control all chemical reactions of organisms • DNA has instructions for making proteins, therefore, DNA controls cells • Provides workers with instructions • Workers for protein synthesis take instructions, the workers are RNA

  6. Replication Fork Annimation • http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120076/micro04.swf::DNA Replication Fork

  7. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS • RNA: • Nucleic acid • DNA = double helix (zipper); • RNA = single helix (one side of zipper)

  8. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS • RNA: workers for protein synthesis • Take instructions for how proteins are assembled • RNA assembles protein

  9. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 3 Types of RNA that build proteins: • Messenger RNA (mRNA) • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) • Transfer RNA (tRNA)

  10. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS • Messenger RNA (mRNA): • Brings instructions from DNA to cytoplasm • In cytoplasm, moves to ribosome • The ribosome is made up of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

  11. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): • Makes up ribosome • Binds to mRNA • Uses instructions to assemble amino acids in correct order

  12. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS • Transfer RNA (tRNA): • the “supplier” • Delivers amino acids to ribosome to be assembled into a protein Click image to view movie

  13. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS • Transcription: • In nucleus, enzymes make an “RNA copy” of piece of DNA strand • Result: formation of 1 RNA molecule (1/2 zipper) Click image to view movie

  14. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

  15. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS • Genetic Code: • Genetic message of info for building protein • Proteins contain chains of amino acids • Language of proteins = alphabet of amino acids • In DNA, nitrogen bases are: A T C G • In RNA, nitrogen bases are: A U C G

  16. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

  17. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS • Genetic Code: • Codon: group of three bases in mRNA • All organisms use same genetic code

  18. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS • Translation: • Converting info in sequence of mRNA bases into sequence of amino acids in protein • Takes place at ribosomes in cytoplasm

  19. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS • Translation: From mRNA to Protein • mRNA made in nucleus travels to cytoplasm • In cytoplasm, ribosome attaches to strand of mRNA like clothespin clamped onto clothesline

  20. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS • Function of tRNA • Transfers RNA to ribosomes • Each tRNA attaches to one type of amino acid

  21. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS • Function of tRNA: • Pairs with mRNA codon, two molecules join together • Ribosome slides along mRNA to next codon • Chain of amino acids is formed until a “stop” codon is reached on mRNA strand

  22. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

  23. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS • 5 Steps of Translation: • Ribosome attaches to mRNA strand; tRNA approaches ribosome • AUG codon signals “start” of protein synthesis • New tRNA molecule attaches to ribosome; amino acids on tRNA molecules join • Ribosome slides along mRNA to next codon; new tRNA carrying amino acid attaches to ribosome and mRNA • Chain of amino acids is formed until “stop” codon

  24. DNAi animation of protein synthesis process from beginning (Watson & Crick) to end • http://www.dnai.org/a/index.html

  25. Annimations • http://www.biostudio.com/demo_freeman_protein_synthesis.htm • http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP1302 • http://www.lewport.wnyric.org/JWANAMAKER/animations/Protein%20Synthesis%20-%20long.html

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