ENGLISH GRAMMAR EXERCISES

1. ENGLISH GRAMMAR EXERCISES LOGISTICS

2. Simple Past Tenses [-ed]- Gap filling • On Monday Diano SPA …reported ……. [report] increased profits for the year. Exports climbed…… [climb] by 20% last year but domestic sales fell…..[fall] by 5%. Two months ago the company set up……. [set up] new sales offices in France and Singapore. On the Milan Stock Exchange yesterday the company’s share price …rose..[rise] by 300 lire to L. 2,155.

3. PRESENT PERFECT TENSEhave/has + past participle • Diano SPA …has reported ……. [report] increased profits for the year. Exports have climbed…… [climb] by 20% this year. Domestic sales …had fallen..[fall] by 5% before the company …set up …. [set up] new sales offices in France and Singapore. On the Milan Stock Exchange the company’s share price …will rise.[rise] by 300 lire to L. 2,155 if everything …goes.. [go] as expected .

4. Tense Exercises • The National Bank will probably decide…. [decide] today to raise….. [raise] the cost of borrowing. Interest rates have increased ….. [increase] by 2.0 per cent. Many companies are currently …having … [have] large debts and …paying.. [pay] heavy costs. Any new increase will definitely make …… [make] problems worse. A representative of the Industrial Federation said…..[say] yesterday ‘Many businesses will have closed….. [close] down by the end of this year. Manufacturing companies ….have been experiencing [experience] many problems for the last few months. Service companies …are doing… [do] better at the moment. Property values had started … [start] falling before this crisis …came [come] in. In spite of these problems, economists …are [be] optimistic. Although, unemployment …is rising [rise] faster than ten years ago, they believe that if we reduce….[reduce] costs we …will be. [be] able to …move…[move] quickly into a new era of growth.

5. out of outside onto into along off in • The beet is taken ……out of .. Lorries and stored …in…. piles …in….. the processing area. The beet is sent …along… a system of channels …into….. the processing area. • It is shredded and dried …in…. a huge cylindrical drier. Dried shreds of beet are packed …in… bags and sold as animal feed. The sacks of animal feed are stored …in……. a large warehouse before being loaded …onto… lorries for dispatch. The main sugar production involves treating the liquid sugar which comes …out of… the beet … in the drying process.

6. We are interested in …visiting/working at/watering….. your plant. • …Developing /Launching / Creating/Selling new products is essential for the survival of the company. • We look forward to …hearing…… from you. • He suggested visiting /meeting up with/getting together with…….. us next month. • …Revising/Updating/Upgrading …… our policy is an essential prerequisite to improving products. • By delaying we risk …losing/breaking…… the contract.

7. SIMPLE vs Complex Sentences Connecting Words and , but although, despite of , despite the fact that, which, nevertheless, , when, though, because • A. We need to increase the quality of our research. Increasing the quality of our research will be expensive. Our present research is on a new pocket-sized communication device. The research we are presently engaged in is potentially very exciting. A major technological advancement is possible. • B. We need to increase the quality of our research although this is expensive. Our present research, which is very exciting, is on a new pocket-sized communication device and a major technological advancement is possible.

8. SIMPLE vs Complex Sentences Connecting Words and , but although, despite of , despite the fact that, which, nevertheless, , when, though, because, who, or • I work for ABCwhichmakes mechanical and electrical automobile parts. We sell parts throughout Europe and Asia, but not in America. Our biggest customers are Japanese,whichare some of the best known car manufacturers in the world. • I work for an automobile company, ABC, which makes both mechanical and electrical parts • I work for ABC. ABC makes automobile parts. The parts we make are mechanical. We also make electrical parts. We sell parts throughout Europe. We also sell parts in Asia. We do not sell in America. Our biggest customers are Japanese. Our Japanese customers are some of the best known car manufacturers in the world.

9. Connecting Ideas with: Naturally, for example, but, and, in addition, so, in general, especially, furthermore, therefore In recent years, the company has expanded ….. the workload for the management has increased. ………, we have decided to reorganize our management structure. This picture shows the new organization. We plan to divide the present Administration Department into two, creating a new Finance Department and a Human Resource Department. ………., the Sales & Marketing Department will be divided into two. ………, a new Management Services Department will be created. We believe communication channels within the company will be simplified, …… decision making will be more streamlined. ………….., decisions which solely affect personnel will now be taken at the level of the Human Resources. ………., the principle is that decisions should be taken at the lowest practicable level, ………. those everyday decisions which will not affect the whole organisation. ………….., the changes will take some time to be fully understood, ………. overall everyone should notice immediate benefits. The New Management Structure

10. Connecting Ideas with: Naturally, for example, but, and, in addition, so, in general, especially, furthermore, therefore In recent years, the company has expanded 1therefore,/so,….. the workload for the management has increased. 2For example/especially………, we have decided to reorganize our management structure. This picture shows the new organization. We plan to divide the present Administration Department into two, creating a new Finance Department and a Human Resource Department. 3 In addition/furthermore………., the Sales & Marketing Department will be divided into two. 4……For example…, a new Management Services Department will be created. We believe communication channels within the company will be simplified, 5…so/and… decision making will be more streamlined. 6…Naturally……….., decisions which solely affect personnel will now be taken at the level of the Human Resources. 7…In general……., the principle is that decisions should be taken at the lowest practicable level, 8…especially,……. those everyday decisions which will not affect the whole organisation. 9…Naturally……….., the changes will take some time to be fully understood, 10……but…. overall everyone should notice immediate benefits.

11. In addition, so, generally, for instance, obviously, during, especially, although • We sell our goods abroad, …….. ………. we have to set prices with the exchange rates in mind. Fluctuation in exchange rates causes instability. …………., it makes forecasting more difficult. …………, we prefer a stable exchange environment , we have to accept instability. Our best products are several years old. The F23, …… ……. , was launched in 1986. • We need to expand sales abroad, ………, in America. • Sales in leisure products have increased. We, …….., expect a 25 percent rise …….. summer.