The Beginning of Napoleonic Era – Day 1

1. The Beginning of Napoleonic Era – Day 1 EU - French Revolution had wide ranging and long-term impacts on France and the world In times of crisis, people will turn to strong leaders to gain a sense of stability. • self-Quick Quiz on French Revolution • Complete pp 15 about the rise of Napoleon • Log onto website, go to classwork documents, read napoleon and censorship.pdf and answer the “Thinking it through” question

2. French Revolution review 1. How was French society organized before the Revolution? What symbolic act of the French Revolution is still celebrated today? With regard to Q. 1.- what group would an Attorney have been a member of? Why was the Estates General called into session? What was the first governing body called at the start of the revolution? What group did this grow out of? What promise was in the Tennis Court Oath? Who was the leader of the Committee of Public Safety? At the end of the Revolution, what government replaced the Legislative Assembly/Convention? Name for the period of chaos and many executions? What military leader gained power through a coup d’etat?

3. 3 estates Storming the Bastille 3rd estate as a bourgeosie To address and approve the king’s call for taxes National Assembly, the 3rd Estate of the Estates General That the 3rd Estate (National Assembly) would not back down Maximilien Robespierre The Directory and the bicameral legislature Reign of Terror Napoleon French Revolution review 1. How was French society organized before the Revolution? What symbolic act of the French Revolution is still celebrated today? With regard to Q. 1.- what group would an Attorney have been a member of? Why was the Estates General called into session? What was the first governing body called at the start of the revolution? What group did this grow out of? What promise was in the Tennis Court Oath? Who was the leader of the Committee of Public Safety? At the end of the Revolution, what government replaced the Legislative Assembly/Convention? Name for the period of chaos and many executions? What military leader gained power through a coup d’etat?

4. Napoleon Bonaparte

5. Not this “Napoleon”

6. this…Napoleon Bonaparte

7. The Age of Napoleon Begins The Man from Corsica 1. Born on Corsica- Island in Mediterranean, close to Italy 2. At age 9, he was sent to military school 3. 20 when Revolution occurs- Confused – taught to be loyal to the King. 4. Early Successes • July 1793 - Drove Brits from Toulon- a port city in the South of France, occupied by the British • Paris October 1795 – Saved National Convention from Royalist rebels • 1796-1797 – Italian campaign forced to surrender – ending the Austrian threat to France • Egypt 1798- Disrupt British Trade with India was the goal, turned out to be a disaster – but symbolically good for Napoleon as he was able to control the press reports

8. 5. 1799- Overthrows the Directory - Coup D’Etat - Sets up “Consulate” (3 men) - Napoleon will act as “First Consul” for Life- 1802 6. Self Made Emperor- 1804 ~Holds Plebiscite- Ballot which voters say yes/no to an issue ~ people vote “yes” on question about Napoleon becoming emperor

9. Napoleon, Emperor of France

10. France Under Napoleon Central Government is Strengthened 1) Reforms 1. Controls Economy 2. Builds Roads/ Canals 3. Public Schools – the lycees 4. Concordat of 1801- Peace with the Church 5. He had the support of all Classes 2) Napoleonic Code • Equality – in law and justice • Right to own property – creates a permanent bourgeois society • Religious Freedom • Women lost rights • Order over individual rights BUTheavy-handed police state under Minister of Police Fouche • Restrictions on speech, press and political organizations • More executions

11. France Under Napoleon Cont • Slave uprising and a challenge to French authority needed to be put down • Cost was too high and too many deaths lead to Napoleon removing French troops • Sold Louisiana to the US to give the US a chance to compete with Britain and to get money for France’s European wars • 5. Napoleon wanted to destroy the British Navy to break the continental blockade and so that France would be able to invade the British Islands • the tow navies met at the naval Battle of Trafalgar. • British Admiral Horatio Nelson defeated the French navy and • Britain was safe while • France was cooped up on the European continent.

12. Subduing an Empire Key military factors and beliefs • Individual Losses for overall Victory- OK with Napoleon • Rapid Movement/ New Plans and Tactics- • Napoleon was an artillery and overall military genius A. The Grand Empire 1. Annex- Add Territory- Belgium, Netherlands, Italy, Germany 2. Abolishes H.R.E.- Creates 38 Member conference of the Rhine in what is now Germany 3. Part of Poland- the Grand Duchy of Warsaw conquered by Napoleon 4. Puts family and friends on European Thrones (Joe Bonaparte- Spain) 5. Divorces Josephine- Maries niece of Marie Antoinette- A Princess of Austria

13. France v. Britain 1. 1805- Battle of Trafalgar- Admiral Nelson destroys French Fleet 2. Continental System- Closes European Ports under French control to British Ships and British made goods 3. British Blockade- British navy cuts off all traffic in and out of French ports • Successes and Failures • Continental System – big failure • Scarce Goods- Prices went up 3. Victories- led to Nationalism- French Pride

14. Napoleon Bonaparte - 1769-1821 - Day 2 EU - In times of crisis, people will turn to strong leaders to gain a sense of stability. Complete p 16 to understand map skills and the extent of Napoleon’s French Empire (see pdf19) Actively Read p 18 about two views of Napoleon and answer q1-2 Read napoleon+leader+general+tyrant+reformer.pdf - answer attached questions 1, 2 and 4 Plan a cartoon illustrating the fall of Napoleon but also including his legacy. Complete p 20 about the Congress of Vienna.

15. The End of an Era • Challenges to Napoleon’s Empire • Napoleon’s Armies viewed as oppressors, not liberators as he saw himself~ many riots and revolts throughout the empire. • The Peninsula War ~Spanish and Portuguese resistance- 1808-1813 • Spanish loyal to former King, not his brother, troops sent in to insure Joe B’s rule. • Guerilla Warfare- hit and run against the French • Keeps troops occupied and bogged down in Spain • Portugal refuses to participate in Continental Blockade. Troops sent to force cooperation.

16. Attack on Russia- Defeat 1) Czar Alexander I resigns from participating in the continental System 2) Napoleon invades Russia, sends in the “Grand Army” (600,000) people. 3) Russians retreat east, employing the “Scorched Earth” tactic. (Good example of History Repeating itself- ask me). 4) Napoleon in Moscow By September, but cannot stay during winter- no food - 600,000 men begin journey, only 30,000 return.

17. IV. Downfall of Napoleon • Russia, Great Britain, Prussia, Austria v. Napoleon • Battle of Nations at Leipzig • Napoleon is defeated, forced to Abdicate • Exiled to Elba- Louis XVIII is placed on the Thrown B) Napoleon Returns – for 100 days • People Hate Louis 18- Economy is a mess, people and military still loyal to Napoleon • Napoleon escapes Elba- organizes army, runs Louis out of France C) Waterloo- 1. June 18, 1815- Belgium 2. Defeated by the Duke of Wellington and General Blucher (Prussia) 3. Exiled to St. Helena forever

18. Interpreting Maps olt p 232 on pdf 19 • Austria, Belgium, Netherlands, Confederation of Rhine (Germany), Duchy of Warsaw (Poland), Italy, Illyrian Provinces (Yugoslavia), Switzerland, Spain – Russia, Prussia and Austria were allied with France by 1810, but not controlled by Napoleon’s France • About 1700 miles, 2800 km • North n w • Spain at Gibraltar • Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Great Britain, Ireland, Portugal, Sardinia, Sicily, Ottoman Empire were not controlled by or allied with Napoleon • There was more land allied with or controlled by Napoleon than unallied and unconquered. • 1600 miles or 2600km • Trafalgar, Ulm, Austerlitz, Wagram and Friedland

19. Viewpoints on Napoleonpp 18 1. Napoleon uses force and cunning to persuade people He grew more and more dictatorial, further and further encroaching (moving into and taking) people’s liberty, and the independence of the rest of Europe. 2. Napoleon is legitimate and should be supported, not because of nobility but because he will best protect the liberty of the 3rd Estate. He also has right to rule because he leads the successful army as it conquers all of France and Europe.

20. V. Legacy of Napoleon • Values of the French Revolution were spread throughout Europe – equality, liberty, justice, the rights of man. • France Government Centralized with Constitution • Civil Code (Napoleonic codes) applicable to all citizens – right to own property – spreads bourgeois middle class property owners to all of Europe • Limited Suffrage Elections • Nationalism For European Nations • Sold Louisiana Territory to U.S. • Congress of Vienna and balance of European Power – peace in Europe.

21. Membership: • Austria • Prussia • Russia • France • Great Britain • Goals: • Establish lasting peace in Europe (based on theory of balance of power) • Prevent future French aggression • Restore monarchs Congress of Vienna • Actions Taken: • Creation of some new powers • Kingdom of Netherlands • adding to Kingdom of Sardinia • German Confederation • Independent Switzerland • Took land from France to return to pre-1792 borders • Developed Concert of Europe and Holy Alliance • Legacy • Short-term • conservatives returned to power • Revolts in many colonies like Brazil and Mexico • Long-term • 40 years of European peace • France slightly weakened and Britain and Germany strengthened to balance France • Rise of nationalism • Implemented balance of power concept Congress of Vienna