Homework

1. Homework • Write a paragraph comparing American and South Asian attitudes toward individual wants

2. Chapter 8Heritage of South Asia

3. Religions of India • Hinduism – 80% • Islam – 13% • Christianity – 2% • Sikh – 2% • Buddhist - 0.7% • Jain - 0.5%

4. Hinduism • In Sanskrit it means “The Eternal Path” • The oldest major religion that is still practiced

5. Hinduism: Basics • No Formal Church • No Founder • Vedas & Upanishads – the important texts • Polytheistic • Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva – Main gods • Brahman – the Supreme force

6. Prominent Hindu Themesfrom http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism • Dharma – ethics or duties • Samsara – the continuing cycle of birth, death, & rebirth • Karma – action & subsequent reaction • Moksha – liberation from Samsara • Yogas – paths or practices

7. Hinduism: the Basics • Many sects, groups, exist • All things are part of the universal soul • Nonviolent, respect nature • Moksha – freeing the soul from the body allowing the soul to unite with Brahman • Karma – every deed, mental and physical, affect a person’s fate in future life

8. Hinduism and the Caste • Hindus believe in the Caste system • Each Caste has its own duties called: Dharma • People can improve their next life if they carry out their duties in this life

9. Buddhism: the Basics • Grew from Hinduism • Siddhartha Gautama discovered Buddhism • Gautama became the first Buddha • Text – Three Baskets of Wisdom • No gods exist, no priests • Mahayana Sect worships gods • People have to seek nirvana on their own

10. Buddhism

11. Buddhism: the Lessons • Four Nobel Truths • Suffering is universal • Suffering is caused by desire • End suffering by crushing desire • Nirvana – the condition of wanting nothing • The way to end desire is to follow the Noble Eightfold Path

12. Theravada A monastic life is the way to reach nirvana Buddha is not a god In Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand Mahayana Worship Buddha and enlightened ones as gods In China, Tibet, Japan, Korea Neither Buddhist sect stayed strong in India Two Major Sects

13. Iranian Leaders Sikh Muslim Leaders Afghan Desert The Kaffiyeh Indian Men Turbansfrom http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/news/nation-world/infocus/mideast/islam/turbans.html

14. Sikh • Started in 15 century, Punjab, India • Three Requirements • Meditate on the holy name • Work diligently and honestly • Share your fruits

15. Northwest Border India/Pakistan

16. The 5 Ks • Identification symbols for Sikhs • Kesh – uncut hair – respect • Kanga – wooden comb - cleanliness • Kaccha – special underwear (look like boxers) – modesty • Kara – iron bracelet – do Gods work • Kirpan – strapped sword – prevent violence

17. Sikhs in India • Have been major military leaders throughout India’s history • Decorated soldiers and service men • Hindu religion is non violent

18. Sikh & Discrimination • After Sept. 11, 2001 many Sikh people have experienced increased discrimination • Their turbans are distinct from other turbans because of the point in the front

19. Jain • Religion from Ancient India • Similar beliefs to Hinduism & Buddhism • Nonviolent • Vegetarian

20. Early Kingdoms of South Asia

21. Maurya Empire • From 351-200 BC • Chandragupta Maurya was the leading Ruler • Major Accomplishments • Government – tax collecting, trade, military • Architecture – buildings, palaces • Economy – irrigation, trade, • Religion – spread of Buddhism

22. Gupta Empire • From 320-550 AD • Leader: Chandragupta I • Major Accomplishments • Government – organization • Art & Architecture – buildings, palaces, paintings of daily life, literature • Mathematics – “0”, size/shape earth • Trade – with Arabs

23. Muslim Empire • From 1200-1500 • Sultans ruled • Major Accomplishments • Government – toleration, military, services (education, irrigation, hospitals) • Architecture – buildings, palaces • Economy – irrigation, trade with Middle East • Religion – Islam; cause of future conflicts

24. Mughal Empire – Golden Age • From 1526-1850 • Akbar was the leading Ruler • Major Accomplishments • Government – toleration, trade, military • Architecture – buildings, palaces, Taj Mahal • Economy – farming/irrigation, trade • Religion – toleration between Hindu & Islam

26. Patterns of Life in India “It is better to do one’s duty badly, than to do another’s duty well” Bhagavad-Gita

27. Patterns of Life Class work • Use the packet from the book to create 2 pictures representing each pattern of life • Each picture should have a caption • The headings are: • The Caste System, Village Life, Family Life, Traditional Marriage, Women’s Lives

28. Village Life • Similar to village life in ME & Africa • Leader – land owning male who inherited title from his father • Council of Elders – assisted the village leader • Each village observed the caste system • Villages were self sufficient (limited trading/diffusion)

29. Family Life • Patriarchal – “Father is heaven, father is religion, the gods are pleased by pleasing father.” • Extended families – value family over individual • Arranged marriages – to protect and benefit the family • Brides family paid for the wedding

30. Women’s Lives • Women had limited rights • A Woman’s duties • Marry • Wait on her husband • Bear sons • Women only had Shakti, creative energy, and this was needed to help complete the man

31. Women’s Lives • “[A woman] should do nothing independently even in her own house. In childhood subject to her father, in youth to her husband, and when her husband is dead to her sons, she should never enjoy independence.” • Hindu law codes

32. the Caste System • Castes developed over thousands of years • Castes help keep purity within the races • The higher castes are considered closer to spiritual purity, closer to Moksha • Invaders absorbed into the culture and did not change it • Thousands of castes and subcastes developed

33. the Caste System - Rules • All rules begin at BIRTH • You have to marry within your caste • You can only eat food prepared by someone in your caste, or above • Your job was determined by your caste • The castes relied on each other to complete daily tasks • Ex. Merchant & water carrier

34. the Caste System - Rules • Lower castes had to keep their shadows from touching others in higher castes • Lower castes had to strike a wooden clapper to warn others of their approach

35. India Under British Rule

36. 1st European contact • European traders sought the wealth and riches of India • Portugal was the first nation to make contact • The Dutch, French, and British all set up trading posts

37. British Dominance • The East India Trading Company created an alliance with the Mughal Empire • The British set up trading posts along the coast and at the mouths of rivers • British gold and silver were traded for Indian cotton, silk, and tea

38. British Early Contact • Write a paragraph about the British early contact in India • Use all eleven, 11, terms from the handout • PG 572

39. East India Company Mughal Empire Akbar Robert Clive Battle of Plassey British Parliament Governor General Raj Lord Dalhousie Indian Civil Service Indian Railways Words for Paragraph

40. East India Company, Mughal, Akbar • The British became trading partners with the Mughal Empire and its emperor Akbar, with the East India Company. The British set up trading posts along strategic routes.

41. Robert Clive, Battle of Plessey • The East India Co., represented by Robert Clive, took advantage of the fall of the Mughal Empire and increased British presence in India, by winning the Battle of Plessey. After this victory, Great Britain controlled most of east India.

42. British Parliament, Raj, Lord Dalhousie, Governor General • The British Parliament became alarmed at the strength of the East India Company. The British Parliament took over power and instituted Lord Dalhousie, as governor general, to control the Raj.

43. Lord Dalhousie, Indian Civil Service, Indian Railways • Lord Dalhousie oversaw the implementation of the Indian Railway system, to benefit the British, and the Indian Civil Service, an education training system for Indians

44. British Dominance • As the Mughal Empire declined, British influence increased • Regional Indian kingdoms replaced the Mughal Empire • The British defeated the French in a series of battles in India to establish dominance

45. The East India Co. • The Trading company gained power because local rivalries prevented Indians from uniting • The East India Co. gained wealth by collecting taxes and gained power by setting up its own trading laws

46. British Rule Leads to Conflict • Indians and Muslims resented foreign rule b/c of high taxes, Christian missionaries, a change in customs, and new laws • The Sepoy Rebellion • Sepoy – Indian soldier in British Army • Causes: pork/beef fat, fighting overseas for Britain • British win

47. Changes after Sepoy Rebellion • India becomes a British Colony in 1858 • Queen Victoria of Britain becomes Empress of India • British appointed officials to rule India directly • The British moved away from using Indian soldiers

48. Effects of British Rule • Changes to Economic Patterns • Traditional Indian economies were crushed • Farmers grew cash crops instead of food • Social changes • Improved healthcare and sanitation • Urbanization • Education (elite and middle class grew) • British isolated themselves form Indians • Resentment of British by Indians

49. Indian Nationalism • Driving force was the British educated elite • Mixed direction of Nationalists • Westernization • Hinduism and traditional beliefs • INC – Indian National Congress • Nationalists for Hindu • Hindu and Muslim nationalists clashed • Creation of two states

50. Read the quote on page 196, top of column 2 • Why is the quote ironic?