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Hydrogen Production and Storage. “ The time has come to do something about the United States' ‘ addiction ’ to oil …” -George W. Bush. George Bush’s 2003 State of the Union Address.
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Hydrogen Production and Storage “The time has come to do something about the United States' ‘addiction’ to oil…” -George W. Bush
George Bush’s 2003 State of the Union Address • President Bush called for a plan to invest in alternative energies and for the development of a national hydrogen infrastructure
Proposals in the State of the Union address • 15 percent reduction in the amount of Mid-east oil imports • Increase the average number of miles per gallon in a vehicle • Mentioned the possible use of ethanol, wood chips and switch grass as biofuels that show a promising future • An increase in research regarding the hydrogen industry, specifically in producing pollution-free hydrogen powered automobiles
Funds • Allocated $1.2 billion towards his environmentally protective initiative • Main goal: pollution-free hydrogen powered automobiles by the time a child born in 2003 reached driving age • The hydrogen economy initiative has progressed much slower than many would have liked in terms of funding
Figures • $23 million appropriated by Congress in 2004 for biological & petrochemical hydrogen production research • DOE Hydrogen program that heads the developmental studies only received $10.1 million from Congress out of the $23 million originally planned • DOE received $8.5 million in 2006 from Congress out of the $32.1 million originally appropriated • Hydrogen projects= stagnant because of budget constraints
DOE Hydrogen Program Timeline • A successful hydrogen economy will take a long time to achieve. The government is expected to play a larger role initially to allow for industry growth by providing “technology readiness”
Hydrogen Production • Coal Gasification • Cyanobacteria and Microalgae • Photosynthetic Bacteria • Nuclear http://thefraserdomain.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/shec_labs_solar_h2_4.jpg http://capefeare.com/snpp.gif
Coal Gasification • Integrated Gasification Combined-Cycle (IGCC) Technology • Coal + Oxygen + Steam → Synthesis Gas • Synthesis Gas → Hydrogen
Cyanobacteria and Microalgae • Oxygenic Photosynthesis • CO2 + H2O → 6 [CH2O] + O2 • Hydrogenase Hydrogen Production • Nitrogenase Hydrogen Production http://universe-review.ca/I11-30-cyanobacteria.jpg
Hydrogenase Hydrogen Production • Discovered in 1942 • Hydrogenase Used As a Catalyst: • 2H+ + 2Xreduced→ 6 H2 + 2Xoxidized • Conversion Efficiency of ~ 10 to 20% http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/icl/faagroup/dgigasx.gif
Nitrogenase Hydrogen Production • Discovered in 1974 • Molecular Nitrogen to Ammonia: • N2 + 6H+ + 6e-→ 2HN3 • Nitrogenase Catalyzes in Absence of N2 Gas: • 2H+ + 2e-→ H2 • Conversion Efficiency of ~ 3.5%
Photosynthetic Bacteria • Light Energy Not Required • Higher Efficiency than Cyanobacteria • Conversion Efficiency of ~ 6 to 8% http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/onlinebio/84150f.jpg http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20030816/a3901_153.jpg
Nuclear • Currently Day Nuclear Reactors • Electrolysis • 2H2O(l) → 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) • Utilize Off-Peak Hours • Generation IV Nuclear Reactors • High-Temperature Steam Electrolysis (HTSE) • Thermochemical Water Splitting Cycles (TWSC)
CSIRO Home Fueling Station • Variety of Power Supply Options • Can Fit in Garage • Produce ~100 miles worth per day • Relatively Inexpensive http://blogs.business2.com/greenwombat/2007/01/the_solarpowere.html
GM Fuel Cell Vehicle • Bob Lutz, GM Vice Chairman, shown with GM’s Chevrolet Sequel Hydrogen Fuel Cell vehicle, which is fueled by compressed hydrogen
GM Fuel Cell Vehicle • The HydroGen3 is fueled by hydrogen and has a 249 mile range (liquid storage); 168 mile range (compressed) • Part of the Clean Energy Partnership in Berlin
Hydrogen Storage • Hydrogen Storage plays a vital role in the advancement of fuel cell and hydrogen technologies; critical for the future success of the overall hydrogen economy • DOE’s primary focus is to have storage systems that allow for a driving range of up to 300 miles+ • Hydrogen storage needed in areas such as hydrogen delivery, refueling infrastructures, stationary power generation & vehicular applications • Challenges DOE has met regarding storage include safety, durability, refueling time, cost, efficiency and performance of on-board hydrogen storage
Hydrogen Storage Technological Aspects • Current technological aspects to on-board hydrogen storage include: liquid hydrogen tankscompressed hydrogen gas tankschemical hydrogen storagecarbon-based materials *high surface area sorbents*metal hydrides *= “reversible on-board storage systems” refill of hydrogen occurs on-board vehicle
Future Hydrogen Storage Prospect: Ethylene • A research report from Turkey’s Bikent University and the National Institute of Standards of Technology said Ethylene would improve efficiency of hydrogen storage • Ethylene= inexpensive molecule, resulting in “two for” deal (represented below)
“Two for” deal • Process where Ethylene molecule has titanium atoms attached at opposite ends potential net gain of 10 hydrogen molecules • After absorption of molecules onto ethylene-titanium complex total of 20 hydrogen atoms that would = 14% of titanium-ethylene complex’s weight • Minimal target % for practical storage of hydrogen in a solid state set by the Department of Energy= 6.5% • The 14% projected for the absorbed hydrogen molecules is DOUBLE the minimum of 6.5%
Future Hydrogen Storage Prospect: Use of Icy Material Compounds • Wendy Mao & David Mao; scientists from the University of Chicago • New hydrogen storage technique: use of new icy material compounds for hydrogen storage that will call for < pressure storage condition/ridged temperatures • Hydrogen clathrate hydrate holds most promise of new found compound; feasible & cheap to make • Remains stable at -320 degrees Fahrenheit, byproduct of H20 created by release of hydrogen from a clathrate after compound is heated to 207 degrees
Future Hydrogen Storage Prospect: MOFs • “… They show excellent reversible uptake-release characteristics and appropriate capacities.” -Professor Martin Schröder (College of Chemistry at the University of Nottingham)
Future Hydrogen Storage Prospect: MOFs • A team of scientists from the University of Nottingham conclude that bigger pores aren’t always best for storing the most hydrogen fuels/ fitting the most gas • Propose that hydrogen should be crammed into small spaces; pack into porous materials (soak up gas) • Metal organic frameworks (MOFs): hydrogen gas put into molecular scaffolding structure filled with tiny cylindrical pores
Future Hydrogen Storage Prospect: MOFs • After testing cylinder size, the scientists concluded that as tube sized increased interaction between hydrogen gas molecules weakened (middle-sized pores held highest density of hydrogen) • MOFs have already reached DOE’s 2010 target for storage system capacity requirements (> 6% hydrogen by weight= economically viable) • Frameworks have highest % of hydrogen uptake in comparison to other materials being investigated
Environmentally Friendly • Hydrogen gas= viable dominate energy carrier does not produce CO2 in combustion (the greenhouse gas many are concerned with because of global warming concerns) • Producing hydrogen from nuclear energy or renewable resources will reduce CO2 emissions near-zero greenhouse gas & criteria emissions • Hydrogen fuel cell automobiles would output water vapor & would not emit air pollutants or CO2 • The byproducts of hydrogen gas converting fuel cells to electricity: pure H20 & potentially useful heat
Environmentally Friendly • the commercial feasibility of renewable energy resources would expand if hydrogen was used as a mainstream carrier because it would capture the full amount of wind or solar generated power
Conversion to a Hydrogen Economy • transitioning to a Hydrogen Economy:it could take ¾ of a century if no incentives are given for clean energy
Social Acceptance: Safety • Dangerous? • Spills Won’t Pollute • Hydrogen Tanks Withstand Impacts • If Ignited, Temperatures Remain Relatively Constant http://www.fluent.com/about/news/newsletters/01v10i2/img/s9i2_lg.gif
PSU Social Acceptance of Hydrogen • A hydrogen gas station was built at University Park in 2005; presently building a number of hydrogen-powered vehicles for use on campus by the OPP staff • Cost to convert the six OPP vans= $15,000 • PSU goal: total use 40 kilograms of hydrogen per day out of the possible 100 kilograms per day the station is able to produce • PSU GEM electrical vehicle:
PSU Social Acceptance of Hydrogen • Within weeks, a partially hydrogen-fueled (hydrogen-compressed natural gas: 70% natural gas, 30% hydrogen) $80,000 CATA bus will serve students • Look for Bus No. 85 • CATA bus funded by donations and grants • PSU goal: total use 26 kilograms of hydrogen per day • If beginning stages prove successful, more vehicles and buses planned to be purchased by Penn State
Conclusion • Possible Fuel • CSIRO Home Fueling Station • Two-For Deal • Environmentally Friendly • Social Acceptance Rising http://www.hightowerlowdown.org/sites/hightowerlowdown.civicactions.net/files/images/cartoon_200201.JPG
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