Data Resource Management

2. 3 Data Resource Management

3. Learning Objectives 3 • Explain the importance of implementing data resource management processes and technologies in an organization. • Understand the advantages of a database management approach to managing the data resources of a business.

4. Learning Objectives (continued) 3 • Explain how database management software helps business professionals and supports the operations and management of a business. • Illustrate each of the following concepts: • Major types of databases • Data warehouses and data mining • Logical data elements • Fundamental database structures • Database access methods • Database development

5. Section I 3 • Managing Data Resources

6. Data Resource Management 3 • A managerial activity • Applies information systems technology to managing data resources to meet needs of business stakeholders.

7. Foundation Data Concepts 3 • Logical Data Elements

8. 3 Foundation Data Concepts (continued) • Levels of data • Character • Single alphabetical, numeric, or other symbol • Field • Groupings of characters • Represents an attribute of some entity

9. Foundation Data Concepts (continued) 3 • Records • Related fields of data • Collection of attributes that describe an entity • Fixed-length or variable-length

10. 3 Foundation Data Concepts (continued) • Files (table) • A group of related records • Classified by • Primary use • Type of data • permanence

11. 3 Foundation Data Concepts (continued) • Database • Integrated collection of logically related data elements • Consolidates records into a common pool of data elements • Data is independent of the application program using them and type of storage device

12. Types of Databases 3 • Operational • Supports business processes and operations • Also called subject-area databases, transaction databases, and production databases

13. Types of Databases (continued) 3 • Distributed • Replicated and distributed copies or parts of databases on network servers at a variety of sites. • Done to improve database performance and security

14. Types of Databases (continued) 3 • External • Available for a fee from commercial sources or with or without charge on the Internet or World Wide Web • Hypermedia • Hyperlinked pages of multimedia

15. Data Warehouses and Data Mining 3 • Data warehouse • Stores data extracted from operational, external, or other databases of an organization • Central source of “structured” data • May be subdivided into data marts

16. Data Warehouses and Data Mining (continued) 3 • Data mining • A major use of data warehouse databases • Data is analyzed to reveal hidden correlations, patterns, and trends

17. Database Management Approach 3 • Consolidates data records and objects into databases that can be accessed by many different application programs

18. Database Management Approach (continued) 3 • Database Management System • Software interface between users and databases • Controls creation, maintenance, and use of the database

19. 3 Database Management Approach (continued)

20. 3 Database Management Approach (continued) • Database Interrogation • Query • Supports ad hoc requests • Tells the software how you want to organize the data • SQL queries • Graphical (GUI) & natural queries

21. 3 Database Management Approach (continued) • Report Generator • Turns results of query into a useable report • Database Maintenance • Updating and correcting data

22. 3 Database Management Approach (continued) • Application Development • Data manipulation language • Data entry screens, forms, reports, or web pages

23. Implementing Data Resource Management 3 • Database Administration • Develop and maintain the data dictionary • Design and monitor performance of databases • Enforce database use and security standards

24. Implementing Data Resource Management (continued) 3 • Data Planning • Corporate planning and analysis function • Developing the overall data architecture

25. Implementing Data Resource Management (continued) 3 • Data Administration • Standardize collection, storage, and dissemination of data to end users • Focused on supporting business processes and strategic business objectives • May include developing policy and setting standards

26. Implementing Data Resource Management (continued) 3 • Challenges • Technologically complex • Vast amounts of data • Vulnerability to fraud, errors, and failures

27. Section II 3 • Technical Foundations of Database Management

28. Database Structures 3 • Hierarchical • Treelike • One-to-many relationship • Used for structured, routine types of transaction processing

29. Database Structures (continued) 3 • Network • More complex • Many-to-many relationship • More flexible but doesn’t support ad hoc requests well

30. Database Structures (continued) 3 • Relational • Data elements stored in simple tables • Can link data elements from various tables • Very supportive of ad hoc requests but slower at processing large amounts of data than hierarchical or network models

31. Database Structures (continued) 3 • Multi-Dimensional • A variation of the relational model • Cubes of data and cubes within cubes • Popular for online analytical processing (OLAP) applications

32. Database Structures (continued) 3

33. Database Structures (continued) 3 • Object-oriented • Key technology of multimedia web-based applications • Good for complex, high-volume applications

34. Database Structures (continued) 3

35. Accessing Databases 3 • Key fields (primary key) • A field unique to each record so it can be distinguished from all other records in a table

36. Accessing Databases (continued) 3 • Sequential access • Data is stored and accessed in a sequence according to a key field • Good for periodic processing of a large volume of data, but updating with new transactions can be troublesome

37. Accessing Databases (continued) 3 • Direct access • Methods • Key transformation • Index • Indexed sequential access

38. Database Development 3 • Data dictionary • Directory containing metadata (data about data) • Structure • Data elements • Interrelationships • Information regarding access and use • Maintenance & security issues

39. Database Development (continued) 3 • Data Planning & Database Design • Planning & Design Process • Enterprise model • Entity relationship diagrams (ERDs) • Data modeling • Develop logical framework for the physical design

40. Discussion Questions 3 • How should an e-business enterprise store, access, and distribute data & information about their internal operations & external environment? • What roles do database management, data administration, and data planning play in managing data as a business resource?

41. Discussion Questions (continued) 3 • What are the advantages of a database management approach to organizing, accessing, and managing an organization’s data resources? • What is the role of a database management system in an e-business information system?

42. Discussion Questions (continued) 3 • Databases of information about a firm’s internal operations were formerly the only databases that were considered to be important to a business. What other kinds of databases are important for a business today? • What are the benefits and limitations of the relational database model for business applications?

43. Discussion Questions (continued) 3 • Why is the object-oriented database model gaining acceptance for developing applications and managing the hypermedia databases at business websites? • How have the Internet, intranets, extranets, and the World Wide Web affected the types and uses of data resources available to business end users?

44. References 3 • James A. O'Brien; George M. Marakas. Management Information Systems: Managing Information Technology in the Business Enterprise 6th Ed., Boston: McGraw-Hill/ Irwin,2004