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12/7 環境荷爾蒙案例（有機錫、 PCB 、 DDT 、界面活性劑）、環境荷爾蒙篩選流程 輔助教材影片：科技起飛有代價？

12/7 環境荷爾蒙案例（有機錫、 PCB 、 DDT 、界面活性劑）、環境荷爾蒙篩選流程 輔助教材影片：科技起飛有代價？. Total organotins (ng/g dry wt) in oysters August 1996 January 1997 Shiangsan 358 1690 Lukang 350 915

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12/7 環境荷爾蒙案例（有機錫、 PCB 、 DDT 、界面活性劑）、環境荷爾蒙篩選流程 輔助教材影片：科技起飛有代價？

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  1. 12/7 環境荷爾蒙案例（有機錫、PCB、 DDT、界面活性劑）、環境荷爾蒙篩選流程 輔助教材影片：科技起飛有代價？

  2. Total organotins (ng/g dry wt) in oysters August 1996 January 1997 Shiangsan 358 1690 Lukang 350 915 Taishi 420 510 Tungshi 193 395 Putai 718 903 Chianchun 99 584 Tungkang 763 362 Hung et al., 1998

  3. TBT tolerable daily intake (TDI) for humans (Belfroid et al., 2000) 0.25 ug TBT/kg bw/day Oyster consumption (data from Hung et al., 1998) 25% exceed the tolerable average residue level (TARL)

  4. Concentration of total butyltins (MBT + DBT + TBT; μg g-1 wet wt) from polish coast organisms and USA (Kannan & Falandysz,1997; Kannan et al., 1999). Estimated PB-type (phenobarbitol) and MC-type (3- methylcholanthrene) enzyme activities in higher trophic animals by metabolic indices of IUPAC 52 and IUPAC 66. Data were cited from Nakata et al. (1995), except for the common cormorant. from various regions Comparison of butyltin concentrations in the liver of cetaceans. Relationship between BTs and ΣSn concentrations in the liver of cetaceans.

  5. Fish samples (ug/kg lipid) (Froescheis et al., 2000) Penis size of aligators, 1980‘s Laka Apoka, FL Concentration ranges of known organic pollutants in sewage sludges (modified after Giger et al., 1989; Siegrist et al., 1989).

  6. 食物恐慌的台灣 (2003, 10 – 2004, 2) 2003, 10 鰻,吳郭魚 過量致癌物綠黴素,遭歐盟退貨 2003, 10 雞肉 過量磺胺劑,可引發甲狀腺腫瘤 2003, 10 豬肉 過量磺胺劑,可引發甲狀腺腫瘤 2003, 11 鰻 過量致癌物綠黴素,遭日本退貨 2004, 1 養殖鮭魚 致癌物PCBs 2004, 1 牛肉 美,加,日,庫賈氏症 2004, 2 雞肉,蛋 禽流感,亞洲 康健雜誌(2004, 11)

  7. 農藥使用量 • 使用量 耕地面積 農藥用量 • (ton) (1000 hectare) (kg/hectare) • 美國 349,580 176,950 2.0 • 台灣 9,207 836 11.0 • Residues detected in vegetables of Taiwan • Year case Rate of qualified case • 12,721 97.37% • 13,542 98.26% • 1999 14,049 98.82% • 2000 14,285 99.02% • 2001 12,352 98.38% • 2002 14,480 97.89% 康健雜誌(2004, 11)

  8. Phthalate 鈦酸鹽 : e.g. Diethyl phthalate • (染料,藥物,香料,塑化劑, pH buffer) • PFC全氟化物:清洗,乾燥,除塵,不沾鍋,地板,護膜 • PCB NIH limit : 0.2 – 1 ug/g • Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) • 多溴二苯醚: 阻燃添加劑

  9. Total PCB (sun of the 136 detectable congeners) concentrations (mg kg-1 lw ) in northern resident killer whales are plotted against age. Regression lines approximating these relationships are plotted for (i) males and immatures (y = y0+ ax; y =19.44+ 0.5769*age; regression r2 = 0.23, p<0.05; slope (a) p<0.01; y0 p<0.001); and (ii)adult female (y = y0+ ae-bx + cx; y = -270.1 + 310.4e-.01724*age + 2.901*age; regression r2 = 0.94, p<0.01; y0, a, b, c are not significant). Male killer whales are represented by closed circles (those for which minimum age estimates only are available are lightly shaded), and females by triangles.

  10. Prostate cancer in Taiwan Incidence 1985: 2.3/100,000 person 1995: 7.2/100,000 Mortality 1985: 1.3/100,000 1995: 3.2/100,000

  11. Yucheng in Taichung, Taiwan, 1979 Comparison of sperm count on F1 ‧Number of sperm: similar ‧Abnomality: 26 vs. 38% (Yucheng) ‧Mobile type: 57 vs. 35% ‧Mobility: 20% ↓ (Yucheng) ‧Fertilization ability: 10% ↓(Yucheng)

  12. Widespread pollutants with endocrine disrupting effects -Total 86 compounds • Persistent organohalogens : e.g. Benzenehexachloride (HCB), PCBs • Food antioxidant : Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) • Pesticide : e.g. Aldrin阿特靈, Amitrol , DDT • Phthalate 鈦酸鹽 : e.g. Diethyl phthalate (染料,藥物,香料,塑化劑, pH buffer) , TBT • Other compounds : e.g. Carbendazim, nonylphenol • Metals : As, Cd, Pb, Hg

  13. Hormone systems affected Thyroid: 38 Reproductive system: 55 甲狀腺荷爾蒙缺乏: 心跳變慢，心包膜腔積水，腸胃蠕動差，消化不良而腹脹便秘；骨髓造血機能降低，成年人反應遲鈍，小孩生長遲緩，變呆小症；生殖器官機能和月經也受到影響；新陳代謝率低，比較怕冷，皮膚乾燥，容易疲倦，嚴重成黏液水腫性昏迷而死亡。 甲狀腺尚能分泌降鈣激素，降低血鈣。

  14. The list of 12 POPs by the Stockholm Convention: aldrin 阿特靈, endrin 安特靈, dieldrin 地特靈, toxaphene 毒殺芬, chlordane 可氯丹, mirex 滅蟻樂, DDT, heptachlor 飛佈達, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) 六氯苯-殺菌、有機合成原料, PCBs-工用, dioxins, furans 台灣: dioxins, furans未列管 其他全面禁用.

  15. Moderately persistent but continuously released in large quantities lindane 靈丹, endosulfan安殺番, atrazine草脫淨, PAHs多環芳香族, organotins, organic mercury, chlorinated paraffins -阻燃增塑用, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE)多溴二苯醚-阻燃添加劑

  16. Flow chart of Eh screening tests (chemical compounds 87000種,新產品以2000種/年增加). ‧US EPA screening procedures Initial sorting初篩 Priority setting優先性設定 Tier one screening第一階段篩選 Tier two testing第二階段篩選 Hazard assessment危害性評估

  17. Initial sorting初篩 依現有數據將所有化合物分四類 第一類:不似有Eh作用者,停止篩選, ex. Strong acids, bases, amino acids, polysacchrides, polymers. 第二類: lack of scientific data → Tier 1 screening (about 62,000 compounds).

  18. 第三類: with scientific data having Eh effects → Tier 2 testing (< 1000 compounds). 第四類: having Eh effects → Hazard assessment. Tier 1 screening: in vitro and in vivo animal tests. Tier 2 testing: whole life span and F1(timing > 1 yr, > US$ 500000).

  19. Hazard assessment ‧Laboratory→mesocosm→field study ‧Risk assessment (prediction and modeling the fate of chemicals) ‧Risk management

  20. 有產品忠誠度好嗎 ? 想過死亡的問題嗎 ? 慢性病 ? 急症 ? Our attitude to face pollution ?

  21. Where are we in Taiwan ? Should we control marine or terrestrial pollution ? The way to face environmental hormones ?

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