Arthropods

1. Arthropods

2. Phylum Arthropoda - Arthropods • Largest and most successful phylum • 75% of all animals! • Segmented body • Tough exoskeleton • Joint appendages (legs and antennae) • Cephalization • Bilateral Symmetry

3. Exoskeleton: an external covering that protects and supports the body • Made from chitin • Varies in size, shape, and roughness. • Firm and leathery (caterpillars) • Tough and hard (crabs and lobsters) • Waxy (land dwelling arthropods)

4. Evolution of Arthropods Fossilized Trilobites • Evolution of Arthropods • Typical primitive arthropod: • many identical segments with a pair of appendages. • Evolution led to fewer segments and specialized appendages

5. Feeding • Feeding • Includes herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, detritivores, filter feeders, bloodsuckers, and parasites. • Mouth parts adapted to type of food eaten • Pincers, fangs, jaws

6. RESPIRATION • Terrestrial arthropods: breathe through tracheal tubes • Air enters and leaves tracheal tubes through spiracles • small openings located along the side of the body. Spiracles Trachealtubes Trachealtubes

7. RESPIRATION CONTINUED… • Book lungs organs that have layers of respiratory tissue (stacked like pages of a book.) • Spiders, scorpions, horseshoe crabs

8. Circulation and Excretion • Arthropods have a open circulatory system No distinction between blood and other fluids • Malpighian tubules (terrestrial): saclike organs that extract waste from the blood • Diffusion (aquatic)

9. Response and Reproduction • Response • Well developed nervous system • Brain serves as central switchboard • Reproduction • Terrestrial arthropods: internal fertilization • Place sperm inside female OR deposit sperm packet • Aquatic arthropods: internal or external

10. Reproduction • Separate sexessexual reproduction • Males directly transfer sperm to females • Ex. Barnacle stretches out appendage to local females • Mating occurs after female molts

11. MOVEMENT • Movement: Groups of well developed muscles coordinate movement • generating force by pulling on the exoskeleton • Muscles flex (bend) or extend (straighten) the joint.

12. Growth and Development • Arthropods will outgrow their exoskeleton and undergo a period called molting. • Molting:the shedding of its entire exoskeleton • New/soft skeleton starting to form • Controlled by the endocrine system • Molting Cicada Video • http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Cicada_molting_animated-2.gif

13. Groups of Arthropods • Classified by number of body segments and mouth parts • 3 major groups • Crustaceans • Spiders and their relatives • Insects and their relatives

14. 1) Crustaceans • Primarily aquatic • Includes crabs, shrimps, lobsters, crayfishes, and barnacles. • 2 pairs of antennae, two or three body sections, and chewing mouthparts called mandibles. Abdomen Cephalothorax Antennae Antennules Mandible

15. Body Plan of Crustaceans • Cephalothorax • Fusion of head with the thorax • Mandible: • Mouthpart adapted for biting and grinding food swimmerets Cheliped • Cheliped: first pair of legs that have large claws modified to catch, pick up, crush, and cut food. • Swimmerets: flipper-like appendages used for swimming

17. 1) Small Crustaceans • Copepods- extremely abundant, planktonic, filter feed • Barnacles- usually sessile, filter feed, body enclosed by calcareous plates • Krill- planktonic, shrimp-like, have carapace to cover anterior, filter feed

20. True Crabs • Small abdomen and tucked under cephalothorax • V-shape ab. in males • U-shape ab. in females • Largest and most diverse of decapods • Scavengers and predators

22. Male Jonah Crab

23. Female Jonah Crab

24. 2) Chelicerates • Horseshoe crabs, spiders, ticks, and scorpions • No antennae • Have mouthparts called chelicerae • 2 body sections • 4 pairs of walking legs • Divided into 2 main classes: • Merostomata (horseshoe crabs) • Arachnida(spiders, mites, ticks, and scorpions)

25. Horseshoe crabs Horseshoe Crabs • Appeared more than 500 million years ago • changed little since that time. • Have chelicerae, five pairs of walking legs, and a long spike-like tail (telson) that is used for movement.

26. Horseshoe Crab • 1. Carapace • 2. Telson • 3. Compound eye • 4. Anterior spine • Five pair of legs

32. Spiders • Food and Digestion • Spin webs of a strong, flexible protein called silk • No jaws for chewing • must liquefy food using enzymes • Use fanglike chelicerae to inject paralyzing venom

33. What does the spider use silk for? Spinnerets Silk glands

34. Mites, Ticks, and Scorpions • Mites and ticks are small arachnids that are often parasitic • Ticks can transmit bacteria that cause serious diseases • chelicerae and pedipalps are specialized for digging into a host’s tissues and sucking out blood • Scorpions inhabit warm areas around the world. • Chew their prey

35. 3) Uniramians • Centipedes, millipedes, and insects • Characteristics of Uniramians • Have jaws • One pair of antennae • Un-branched appendages • Carnivores

36. Class Insecta (Insects) • Characteristics of Class Insecta • Contains most species of any other animals • Body divided into 3 segments • Head, thorax, and abdomen

37. Characteristics continued… • Segmented body • Exoskeleton • Jointed appendages • A typical insect also has: • a pair of antennae • a pair of compound eyes • two pairs of wings on the thorax • tracheal tubes that are used for respiration

38. Response • Compound Eye: made up of many lenses • Detect minute changes in color and movement • Information from eye is assembled in the brain and directs the insects response • Chemical receptors for taste and smell • Located on the mouthparts, antennae, and legs • Sensory hairs: detect movement in surrounding air or water • Well developed ears

40. Feeding and Specialized Mouth Parts • 3 pairs of appendages that are used as mouthparts, including a pair of mandibles Mandibles used to saw and grind food Ant

41. Specialized mouth parts continued… Spongelike mouthpart used to lap up food Fly

42. Specialized Mouth Parts Tubelike mouthpart used to suck nectar Moth

43. Movement and Flight • 3 pairs of legs used for walking, jumping, capturing and holding prey. • Legs have spines and hooks that are used for grasping and defense. • Flying insects typically have two pairs of wings made of chitin

44. Metamorphosis • Process of changing shape and form • Insects undergo either incomplete metamorphosis or complete metamorphosis • Incomplete Metamorphosis • Look very much like adult form • Immature forms are called nymphs • lack functional sexual organs and wings

46. Complete Metamorphosis • Animals hatch into larvae that look and act nothing like their parents • Feed and grow rapidly and molt a few times • Undergo a final molt and change into a pupa • stage in which an insect changes from larva to adult.