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Phys 214. Planets and Life

Phys 214. Planets and Life. Dr. Cristina Buzea Department of Physics Room 259 E-mail: cristi@physics.queensu.ca (Please use PHYS214 in e-mail subject) Lecture 32. Final review April 2nd, 2008. Final exam structure. Part A. 70 Multiple Choice Questions

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Phys 214. Planets and Life

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  1. Phys 214. Planets and Life Dr. Cristina Buzea Department of Physics Room 259 E-mail: cristi@physics.queensu.ca (Please use PHYS214 in e-mail subject) Lecture 32. Final review April 2nd, 2008

  2. Final exam structure Part A. 70 Multiple Choice Questions (1 mark each= total 70 marks) 1 minute a question - total 70 minutes for this section You can choose to answer 5 extra questions for bonus marks! Part B.Choose two (of three) Explain a concept using a given figure (short answers) (2 x 10 marks = 20 marks) 20 minutes on this section Part C.Choose one (of two) Calculations ( 10 marks) 10 minutes on this section 100 minutes + 20 minutes to review • Total Time: 2 hours • Total 100 marks (maximum) • Don’t forget to bring a calculator and a pencil with eraser! • You are allowed to bring a dictionary.

  3. Final exam structure - Answer sheet The answers to multiple choice questions must be on a separate answer sheet. You have to fill in the circle corresponding to the correct answer.

  4. Final exam content • Lectures covered: Lecture 1 to Lecture 31 • More questions from postmidterm • Questions will also test knowledge included in the movie from Lecture 27.

  5. Part A. Multiple choice questions Text boxed with red within the lectures is very important and may appear as a question. Don’t get tricked by the multiple answers! Changes in the amount of carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere would create A. major glaciations or greenhouse heating on Earth. B. Stripping of the ozone layer C. Changes in the magnetic field of Earth. D. All of the above. Which of the following statements is true? A. Being radiotolerant is a property of organisms capable of living in environments with very high levels of ultraviolet or cosmic radiation B. Being radiotolerant is a property of organisms capable of living in environments with very high levels of radio waves. C. None of the above. D. Both A and B.

  6. Part A. Multiple choice questions Text boxed with red within the lectures is very important and may appear as a question. Don’t get tricked by the multiple answers! Which of the following statements is true? A. The rise of oxygen created a crisis for life, many species probably went extinct, some survived by being underground. B. The rise of oxygen created an evolutionary adaptation of the metabolism of some organisms. C. None of the above D. Both A and B

  7. Part A. Multiple choice questions Text boxed with red within the lectures is very important and may appear as a question. Some questions are straightforward! The most heat-tolerant hyperthermophile is the recently-discovered Strain 121 which has been able to double its population during 24 hours in an autoclave at A. 100°C. B. 190°C. C. 121°C. D. 10°C.

  8. Part A. Multiple choice questions Text boxed with red within the lectures is very important and may appear as a question. Some questions are tricky! Which of the following statements is true? A. Branch lengths in the phylogenetic tree of life are a measure of the amount of genetic difference between different extinct species. B. Branch lengths in the phylogenetic tree of life are a measure of the amount of genetic difference between different extant species. C. Branch lengths in the phylogenetic tree of life are a measure of the amount of genetic difference between both extinct and extant species. D. None of the above You are allowed to bring a dictionary at the final exam!

  9. Formulae you need to remember for the Phys 214 exam You don’t need to remember the values of the constants. They will be given to you. Tidal force

  10. Part B. Explain a concept by using a figure (10 marks) Example 1.Explain the figure below. Indicate what it represents and explain each steps corresponding to the arrows. Figure represents: A =? T =? C =? G =?

  11. Explain a concept by using a figure (10 marks) Example 1.Explain the figure below. Indicate what it represents and explain each steps corresponding to the arrows. Figure represents: a DNA strand (2 marks) A = adenine (1 mark) T = thymine (1 mark) C = cytosine (1 mark) G = guanine (1 mark) (1 mark) (1 mark) (1 mark) (1 mark)

  12. Explain a concept by using a figure (10 marks) Example 2.Explain the figure below. Indicate what it represents and explain each steps corresponding to the arrows. Figure represents: A = T = C = G =

  13. Explain a concept by using a figure (10 marks) Example 2.Explain the figure below. Indicate what it represents and explain each steps corresponding to the arrows. Figure represents: DNA replication (2 marks) A = adenine (1 mark) T = thymine (1 mark) C = cytosine (1 mark) G = guanine (1 mark) (1 mark) (1 mark) (1 mark) (1 mark)

  14. Explain a concept by using a figure (10 marks) Example 3.Explain briefly the figure below. Figure represents: Ma = The length of braches are related to - Ages are estimated from - The figure is based on (the genome of choice)- Show the name of the branches on the figure corresponding to the four arrows.

  15. Explain a concept by using a figure (10 marks) Example 3.Explain the figure below. Figure represents: the phylogenetic tree (tree of life) (2 marks) Ma = Million years ago (1 mark) The length of braches are related to - evolutionary distance (1 mark) Ages are estimated from - the fossil record and chemical biomarkers (1 mark) The figures is based on (the genome of choice)- small subunit ribosomal RNA sequence (1 mark) Show the name of the branches on the figure corresponding to the four arrows. (1 mark) (1 mark) (1 mark) root of the tree of life is the common ancestor of all life on Earth (1 mark)

  16. Explain a concept by using a figure (10 marks) Example 4.Explain the figure below. Figure represents: Indicate the In which environments do these organisms exist? Name the concepts corresponding to each arrow. Define the concepts corresponding to each arrow.

  17. Explain a concept by using a figure (10 marks) Example 4.Explain the figure below. Figure represents: The growth rate of extremophiles living under high pressure (2 marks) In which environments do these organisms exist? on oceans floors and deep lakes, in subsurface rocks (2 marks) Barophiles (piezophile) =organisms which live in high pressure environments. (1 mark) Barotolerants - able to survive at high pressures, but can exist in less extreme environments as well. (1 mark) Obligate barophiles - cannot survive in low pressure environments.(1 mark) 1 mark 1 mark 1 mark

  18. Explain a concept by using a figure (10 marks) Example 5.Explain the figure below and define the main concept. Figure represents: Specify the process corresponding to each arrow.

  19. Explain a concept by using a figure (10 marks) Example 5.Explain the figure below and define the main concept. Figure represents: The CO2 cycle rescues Earth from a snowball phase (2 marks) Snowball Earth = severe, long-term cooling periods during the Earth’s history.(1 mark) Specify the process corresponding to each arrow. 1 mark 1 mark 1 mark 1 mark 1 mark 1 mark 1 mark

  20. Explain a concept by using a figure (10 marks) Example 6.Explain the figure below and define the main concept. Figure represents: Why Mars has experienced wild swings in its axis tilt over relatively short time periods?

  21. Explain a concept by using a figure (10 marks) Example 6.Explain the figure below and define the main concept. Figure represents: Mars climate change due to its axis tilt (2 marks) Why Mars has experienced wild swings in its axis tilt over relatively short time periods? Because of its proximity to Jupiter and its lack of a large moon. (2 marks) When the axis tilt is high, the poles receives a lot of sunlight, & the CO2 ice sublimates. The climate becomes warmer because the greenhouse gas CO2 buildup in the atmosphere. 3 marks When the axis tilt is small, the poles receives little sunlight, the CO2 from the atmosphere condenses into dry ice because of low temperatures. The climate becomes cooler because of less CO2 (greenhouse gas) in the atmosphere. 3 marks

  22. Explain a concept by using the table (10 marks) • Example 7.What planetary body from the Solar System is described by the data in this table? • How likely is for life to exist on this planetary body? If yes, explain where? • How likely is for this planetary body to have liquid water or water vapors? If yes where? • How likely is for this planetary body to have water ice? If yes where? • Specify 2 of the main characteristics of this planetary body? Earth Mass (MEarth) 0.012 1 Orbital semimajor Axis (AU) 1 1 Orbital inclination (o) 5.2 0 Orbital period (days) 27.3 365 Axial inclination (o) 6 23.5 Radius (km) 1738 6371 Density (x103kg m-3) 3.34 5.51 Surface gravity (m s-2) 1.6 9.8 Atmospheric surface pressure (bar) 10-14 1 Atmosphere main component Ar, H2, He, Na N2, O2 Mean surface T 250K (-23C) 288K (15C) Max surface T 396K (123C) 310 (37C) Min surface T 40K (-233C) 260(-13C)

  23. Explain a concept by using the table (10 marks) • Example 7.What planetary body from the Solar System is described by the data in this table? Moon(2 marks) • How likely is for life to exist on this planetary body? If yes, explain where? Unlikely. However bacteria from earth survived for three years on the Moon (2 mark) • How likely is for this planetary body to have liquid water or water vapors? If yes where? Unlikely (2 mark) • How likely is for this planetary body to have water ice? If yes where? in polar craters permanently shielded from Sun (2 mark) • Specify 2 of the main characteristics of this planetary body? among the least-habitable bodies in the solar system.The only large moon of a terrestrial planet in our Solar System. (2 marks) Moon Earth Mass (MEarth) 0.012 1 Orbital semimajor Axis (AU) 1 1 Orbital inclination (o) 5.2 0 Orbital period (days) 27.3 365 Axial inclination (o) 6 23.5 Radius (km) 1738 6371 Density (x103kg m-3) 3.34 5.51 Surface gravity (m s-2) 1.6 9.8 Atmospheric surface pressure (bar) 10-14 1 Atmosphere main component Ar, H2, He, Na N2, O2 Mean surface T 250K (-23C) 288K (15C) Max surface T 396K (123C) 310 (37C) Min surface T 40K (-233C) 260(-13C)

  24. Explain a concept by using the table (10 marks) Example 8.What planetary body from the Solar System is described by the data in this table? How likely is for life to exist on this planetary body? If yes, explain where? How likely is for this planetary body to have liquid water or water vapors? If yes where? How likely is for this planetary body to have water ice? If yes where? Specify 2 of the main characteristics of this planetary body? Earth Mass (MEarth) 0.055 1 Escape velocity (km/s) 4.43 11.2 Orbital semimajor axis (AU) 0.39 1 Orbital inclination (o) 7 0 Orbital period (days) 88 365 Axial rotation (days) 58.6 0.997 Axial inclination (o) 0.1 23.5 Radius (km) 2440 6371 Density (x103kg m-3) 5.43 5.51 Surface gravity (m s-2) 3.7 9.8 Mean surface T (K) 443K (170C) 288K (15C) Max surface T(K) 700K (427C) 310K (37C) Min surface T(K) 100K (-173C) 260K (-13C) Atmospheric surface pressure (bar) 10-15 1 Atmosphere O, Na, H2 N2, O2

  25. Explain a concept by using the table (10 marks) • Example 8.What planetary body from the Solar System is described by the data in this table? Mercury(2 marks) • How likely is for life to exist on this planetary body? If yes, explain where? Unlikely. (2 mark) • How likely is for this planetary body to have liquid water or water vapors? If yes where? Unlikely (2 mark) • How likely is for this planetary body to have water ice? If yes where? in polar craters permanently shielded from Sun (2 mark) • Specify 2 of the main characteristics of this planetary body? The smallest of the terrestrial planets. Larger than most moons, but smaller than Jupiter’s moon Ganymede and Saturn’s moon Titan. (2 marks) Mercury Earth Mass (MEarth) 0.055 1 Escape velocity (km/s) 4.43 11.2 Orbital semimajor axis (AU) 0.39 1 Orbital inclination (o) 7 0 Orbital period (days) 88 365 Axial rotation (days) 58.6 0.997 Axial inclination (o) 0.1 23.5 Radius (km) 2440 6371 Density (x103kg m-3) 5.43 5.51 Surface gravity (m s-2) 3.7 9.8 Mean surface T (K) 443K (170C) 288K (15C) Max surface T(K) 700K (427C) 310K (37C) Min surface T(K) 100K (-173C) 260K (-13C) Atmospheric surface pressure (bar) 10-15 1 Atmosphere O, Na, H2 N2, O2

  26. Earth Mass (MEarth) 0.8 1 Escape velocity (km/s) 10.4 11.2 Orbital semimajor Axis (AU) 0.7 1 Orbital inclination (o) 3.4 0 Orbital period (days) 224 365 Axial rotation (days) 243 0.997 Axial inclination (o) 177 23.5 Radius (km) 6052 6371 Density (x103kg m-3) 5.2 5.51 Surface gravity (m s-2) 8.9 9.8 Mean surface T 733K (460C) 288K (15C) Atmospheric surface pressure (bar) 92 1 Atmosphere CO2 N2, O2 Explain a concept by using the table (10 marks) • Example 9.What planetary body from the Solar System is described by the data in this table? • How likely is for life to exist on this planetary body? If yes, explain where? • How likely is for this planetary body to have liquid water or water vapors? If yes where? • How likely is for this planetary body to have water ice? • Specify 2 of the main characteristics of this planetary body?

  27. Venus Earth Mass (MEarth) 0.8 1 Escape velocity (km/s) 10.4 11.2 Orbital semimajor Axis (AU) 0.7 1 Orbital inclination (o) 3.4 0 Orbital period (days) 224 365 Axial rotation (days) 243 0.997 Axial inclination (o) 177 23.5 Radius (km) 6052 6371 Density (x103kg m-3) 5.2 5.51 Surface gravity (m s-2) 8.9 9.8 Mean surface T 733K (460C) 288K (15C) Atmospheric surface pressure (bar) 92 1 Atmosphere CO2 N2, O2 Explain a concept by using the table (10 marks) • Example 9.What planetary body from the Solar System is described by the data in this table? Venus(2 marks) • How likely is for life to exist on this planetary body? If yes, explain where? Not very likely. Life could exist in the clouds containing water (2 mark) • How likely is for this planetary body to have liquid water or water vapors? If yes where? It has water vapors in the atmosphere (2 mark) • How likely is for this planetary body to have water ice? Unlikely. (2 mark) • Specify 2 of the main characteristics of this planetary body? Venus is the only planet which spins backwards. Venus has a very high atmospheric pressure, the CO2 gas producing a strong greenhouse effect (2 marks)

  28. Explain a concept by using the table (10 marks) Earth Mass (MEarth) 0.107 1 Escape velocity (km/s) 5 11.2 Orbital semimajor axis (AU) 1.52 1 Orbital inclination (o) 1.9 0 Orbital period (days) 686 365 Axial rotation (days) 1.03 0.997 Axial inclination (o) 25.2 23.5 Radius (km) 3390 6371 Density (x103kg m-3) 3.93 5.51 Surface gravity (m s-2) 3.7 9.8 Mean surface T (K) 223K (-50C) 288K (15C) Max surface T(K) 293K (20C) 310K (37C) Min surface T(K) 133K (-140C) 260K (-13C) Atmospheric surface pressure (bar) 6x10-3 1 Atmosphere 95% CO2, 2.7% N2 N2, O2 Example 10.What planetary body from the Solar System is described by the data in this table? How likely is for life to exist on this planetary body? If yes, explain where? How likely is for this planetary body to have liquid water or water vapors? If yes where? How likely is for this planetary body to have water ice? Specify 2 of the main characteristics of this planetary body?

  29. Explain a concept by using the table (10 marks) Mars Earth Mass (MEarth) 0.107 1 Escape velocity (km/s) 5 11.2 Orbital semimajor axis (AU) 1.52 1 Orbital inclination (o) 1.9 0 Orbital period (days) 686 365 Axial rotation (days) 1.03 0.997 Axial inclination (o) 25.2 23.5 Radius (km) 3390 6371 Density (x103kg m-3) 3.93 5.51 Surface gravity (m s-2) 3.7 9.8 Mean surface T (K) 223K (-50C) 288K (15C) Max surface T(K) 293K (20C) 310K (37C) Min surface T(K) 133K (-140C) 260K (-13C) Atmospheric surface pressure (bar) 6x10-3 1 Atmosphere 95% CO2, 2.7% N2 N2, O2 Example 10.What planetary body from the Solar System is described by the data in this table? Mars(2 marks) How likely is for life to exist on this planetary body? If yes, explain where? Very likely. Life could exist in geologically active areas where subsurface liquid water may be available (2 mark) How likely is for this planetary body to have liquid water or water vapors? If yes where? It probably has subsurface liquid water in geologically active areas. It has water vapors in the atmosphere (2 mark) How likely is for this planetary body to have water ice? Very likely. It has residual polar caps made of water ice. (2 mark) Specify 2 of the main characteristics of this planetary body? Has global dust storms as a result of the atmospheric pressure differences between the poles due to the sublimation CO2 gas. Olympus Mons probably the largest volcano in the Solar system (2 marks)

  30. Earth Mass (MEarth) 318 1 Escape velocity (km/s) 59.5 11.2 Orbital semimajor Axis (AU) 5.2 1 Orbital inclination (o) 1.3 0 Orbital period 11.8 years 365 days Axial rotation (days) 0.412 0.997 Axial inclination (o) 3.1 23.5 Radius (km) 70,000 6,371 Density (x103kg m-3) 1.33 5.51 Surface gravity (m s-2) 23 9.8 Mean surface T 288K (15C) Cloud top T 120K (-153C) T at 1 bar pressure 165K (-108C) Satellites > 39 1 Atmosphere H2, He, (CH4)N2, O2 Explain a concept by using the table (10 marks) • Example 11.What planetary body from the Solar System is described by the data in this table? (2 marks) • How likely is for life to exist on this planetary body? If yes, explain where? (2 mark) • How likely is for this planetary body to have liquid water or water vapors? If yes where? (2 mark) • How likely is for this planetary body to have water ice? (2 mark) • Specify 2 of the main characteristics of this planetary body?(2 marks)

  31. Jupiter Earth Mass (MEarth) 318 1 Escape velocity (km/s) 59.5 11.2 Orbital semimajor Axis (AU) 5.2 1 Orbital inclination (o) 1.3 0 Orbital period 11.8 years 365 days Axial rotation (days) 0.412 0.997 Axial inclination (o) 3.1 23.5 Radius (km) 70,000 6,371 Density (x103kg m-3) 1.33 5.51 Surface gravity (m s-2) 23 9.8 Mean surface T 288K (15C) Cloud top T 120K (-153C) T at 1 bar pressure 165K (-108C) Atmosphere H2, He, (CH4)N2, O2 Explain a concept by using the table (10 marks) Example 11.What planetary body from the Solar System is described by the data in this table? Jupiter(2 marks) How likely is for life to exist on this planetary body? If yes, explain where? Not very likely. Life could exist in the clouds containing water that can form at a depth of about 100 km. (2 mark) How likely is for this planetary body to have liquid water or water vapors? If yes where? It has water vapors in the atmosphere (2 mark) How likely is for this planetary body to have water ice? Likely, because of its formation at a large distance from the Sun that allowed ices to condense. (2 mark) Specify 2 of the main characteristics of this planetary body? The largest planet in our Solar System. Has a huge storm (the red spot) that lasted more than 300 years. (2 marks)

  32. Explain a concept by using the table (10 marks) Example 12.What planetary body from the Solar System is described by the data in this table? How likely is for life to exist on this planetary body? If yes, explain where? How likely is for this planetary body to have liquid water or water vapors? If yes where? How likely is for this planetary body to have water ice? Specify 2 of the main characteristics of this planetary body? Earth Mass (MEarth) 95 1 Escape velocity (km/s) 35 11.2 Orbital semimajor Axis (AU) 9.5 1 Orbital inclination (o) 2.5 0 Orbital period 29 years 365 days Axial rotation (days) 0.44 0.997 Axial inclination (o) 26 23.5 Radius (km) 58,000 6,371 Density (x103kg m-3) 0.69 5.51 Surface gravity (m s-2) 9 9.8 Mean surface T 288K (15C) Cloud top T 89K (-184C) T at 1 bar pressure 135K (-138C) Atmosphere H2, He, (CH4)N2, O2

  33. Explain a concept by using the table (10 marks) Example 12.What planetary body from the Solar System is described by the data in this table? Saturn(2 marks) How likely is for life to exist on this planetary body? If yes, explain where? Not very likely. Life could exist in the clouds containing water. (2 marks) How likely is for this planetary body to have liquid water or water vapors? If yes where? It has water vapors in the atmosphere (2 mark) How likely is for this planetary body to have water ice? Likely, because of its formation at a large distance from the Sun that allowed ices to condense. (2 mark) Specify 2 of the main characteristics of this planetary body? The planet with the largest system of rings in the Solar System. Has a hexagonal cloud pattern at the North pole. (2 marks) Saturn Earth Mass (MEarth) 95 1 Escape velocity (km/s) 35 11.2 Orbital semimajor Axis (AU) 9.5 1 Orbital inclination (o) 2.5 0 Orbital period 29 years 365 days Axial rotation (days) 0.44 0.997 Axial inclination (o) 26 23.5 Radius (km) 58,000 6,371 Density (x103kg m-3) 0.69 5.51 Surface gravity (m s-2) 9 9.8 Mean surface T 288K (15C) Cloud top T 89K (-184C) T at 1 bar pressure 135K (-138C) Atmosphere H2, He, (CH4)N2, O2

  34. Earth Mass (MEarth) 14 1 Escape velocity (km/s) 21 11.2 Orbital semimajor Axis (AU) 19 1 Orbital inclination (o) 0.8 0 Orbital period 83 yr 365 days Axial rotation (days) 0.7 0.997 Axial inclination (o) 97 23.5 Radius (km) 25,360 6,371 Density (x103kg m-3) 1.3 5.51 Surface gravity (m s-2) 8.7 9.8 Mean surface T 288K (15C) Cloud top T 53K (-220C) T at 1 bar pressure 75K (-198C) Atmosphere H2, He N2, O2 Explain a concept by using the table (10 marks) Example 13.What planetary body from the Solar System is described by the data in this table? How likely if for life to exist on this planetary body? If yes, explain where? How likely is for this planetary body to have liquid water or water vapors? If yes where? How likely is for this planetary body to have water ice? Specify 2 of the main characteristics of this planetary body?

  35. Uranus Earth Mass (MEarth) 14 1 Escape velocity (km/s) 21 11.2 Orbital semimajor Axis (AU) 19 1 Orbital inclination (o) 0.8 0 Orbital period 83 yr 365 days Axial rotation (days) 0.7 0.997 Axial inclination (o) 97 23.5 Radius (km) 25,360 6,371 Density (x103kg m-3) 1.3 5.51 Surface gravity (m s-2) 8.7 9.8 Mean surface T 288K (15C) Cloud top T 53K (-220C) T at 1 bar pressure 75K (-198C) Atmosphere H2, He N2, O2 Explain a concept by using the table (10 marks) Example 13.What planetary body from the Solar System is described by the data in this table? Uranus(2 marks) How likely if for life to exist on this planetary body? If yes, explain where? Not very likely. most likely be found in the oceans of liquid ices beneath the surface. (2 marks) How likely is for this planetary body to have liquid water or water vapors? If yes where? It has an water-methane-ammonia ocean beneath the surface.(2 mark) How likely is for this planetary body to have water ice? Likely, because of its formation at a large distance from the Sun that allowed ices to condense. (2 mark) Specify 2 of the main characteristics of this planetary body? magnetic dipole off center by 30% of planet’s radius. Has strange water-methane-ammonia oceans beneath the surface (2 marks)

  36. Earth Mass (MEarth) 17 1 Escape velocity (km/s) 23 11.2 Orbital semimajor Axis (AU) 30 1 Orbital inclination (o) 1.8 0 Orbital period 163 yr 365 days Axial rotation (days) 0.6 0.997 Axial inclination (o) 29 23.5 Radius (km) 24,620 6,371 Density (x103kg m-3) 1.6 5.51 Surface gravity (m s-2) 11 9.8 Mean surface T 288K (15C) Cloud top T 54K (-219C) T at 1 bar pressure 70K (-203C) Atmosphere H2, HeN2, O2 Explain a concept by using the table (10 marks) Example 14.What planetary body from the Solar System is described by the data in this table? How likely if for life to exist on this planetary body? If yes, explain where? How likely is for this planetary body to have liquid water or water vapors? If yes where? How likely is for this planetary body to have water ice? Specify 2 of the main characteristics of this planetary body?

  37. Neptune Earth Mass (MEarth) 17 1 Escape velocity (km/s) 23 11.2 Orbital semimajor Axis (AU) 30 1 Orbital inclination (o) 1.8 0 Orbital period 163 yr 365 days Axial rotation (days) 0.6 0.997 Axial inclination (o) 29 23.5 Radius (km) 24,620 6,371 Density (x103kg m-3) 1.6 5.51 Surface gravity (m s-2) 11 9.8 Mean surface T 288K (15C) Cloud top T 54K (-219C) T at 1 bar pressure 70K (-203C) Atmosphere H2, HeN2, O2 Explain a concept by using the table (10 marks) Example 14.What planetary body from the Solar System is described by the data in this table? Uranus(2 marks) How likely if for life to exist on this planetary body? If yes, explain where? Not very likely. most likely be found in the oceans of liquid ices beneath the surface. (2 marks) How likely is for this planetary body to have liquid water or water vapors? If yes where? It has an water-methane-ammonia ocean beneath the surface.(2 mark) How likely is for this planetary body to have water ice? Likely, because of its formation at a large distance from the Sun that allowed ices to condense. (2 mark) Specify 2 of the main characteristics of this planetary body? magnetic dipole off center by 30% of planet’s radius. Has strange water-methane-ammonia oceans beneath the surface (2 marks)

  38. Part C. Calculate Don’t forget to define and explain every term appearing in the equation! • Don’t just write the equation! • For examples of calculations, see the midtem review - Lecture 13

  39. How to review for this exam • Review the lectures (Lecture 2 – Lecture 31) • Remember boxed text! • Remember equations! • When you don’t understand a concept, go to the textbook! • Review important physical laws and concepts. • Review important figures! (especially the ones containing text and schematics) • Textbook should be the second edition of “Life in the Universe” • The second edition is updated with the latest discoveries in astrobiology. • Extremophiles are from lectures only.

  40. Final exam Final exam on April 12th, 2008, at 19:00, duration - 2 hours. Location: Stirling D. (We are now in Stirling A! Stirling D is on the left as you exit!) Additional date: Friday April 4th, at 12:30, duration - 2 hours: Location Room 501. Don’t forget to bring a calculator, a pencil & eraser & to learn the formulae! Good luck!

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