Artificial Intelligence, Expert Systems, and Virtual Reality

1. Artificial Intelligence, Expert Systems, and Virtual Reality Chapter 7

2. Artificial Intelligence • People, procedures, hardware, software, data, and knowledge needed to develop computer systems and machines that demonstrate characteristics of intelligence • Test for AI • Unable to tell whether you are interacting with a computer or human

3. The Nature of Intelligence • Learn from experience & apply the knowledge • Handle complex situations • Solve problems when important information is missing • Determine what is important • React quickly and correctly to new situations • Understand visual images • Process and manipulate symbols • Be creative and imaginative • Use heuristics (rules of thumb)

4. Natural and Artificial Intelligence

5. Conceptual Model of AI www.robocup.org Handwriting recognition: http://members.aol.com/Trane64/java/JRec.html

6. Expert System Characteristics • Can explain their reasoning or suggested decisions • Can display “intelligent” behavior • Can draw conclusions from complex relationships • Can provide portable knowledge • Can deal with uncertainty

7. Expert System Limitations • Not widely used or tested • Difficult to use • Limited to relatively narrow problems • Cannot readily deal with “mixed” knowledge • Possibility of error • Cannot refine own knowledge base • Difficult to maintain • May have high development costs • Raise legal and ethical concerns

8. Components of an Expert System Backward chaining Forward chaining Comparison of backward and forward chaining Assembling human experts The use of fuzzy logic The use of rules The use of cases

9. Rules • Whale Watcher demo • http://www.aiinc.ca/demos/whale.html • JESS and the Sticks game • http://herzberg.ca.sandia.gov/jess/ • Other demos • http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~mariopi/AIDemos.html

10. Knowledge Acquisition Facility

11. Expert System Development Process

12. Participants in Expert System Development Recognize the real problem Develop a general framework for problem solving Formulate theories about the situation Develop and use general rules to solve a problem Know when to break the rules or general principles Solve problems quickly and efficiently

13. Expert Systems Development Alternatives

14. When to Use Expert Systems • High payoff • Preserve scarce expertise • Distribute expertise • Provide more consistency than humans • Faster solutions than humans • Training expertise

15. Applications of Expert System and Artificial Intelligence • Credit granting and loan analysis • Stock Picking • Catching cheats and terrorists • Budgeting • Information management and retrieval • Games • Virus detection • Hospitals and medical facilities

16. Virtual Reality Binocular Omni-Orientation Monitor (BOOM) • A system that enables one or more users to move and react in a computer-simulated environment Head mounted display Data glove CAVE Haptic interface, aka force feedback

17. Wearable computers / Augmented Reality • Computers worn as part of clothing, jewellery, etc. • Computers are always present • Context-aware: Senses where the user is, what is happening • MIT Media labs • http://www.media.mit.edu/wearables/mithril/

18. VR Applications • Medicine • used to link stroke patients to physical therapists • Education and training • used by military for aircraft maintenance • Entertainment • CGI • The Matrix Reloaded, Star Wars, LOTR • Real Estate Marketing and Tourism • Used to increase real estate sales • Virtual reality tour of the White House

19. Other Specialized Systems • Segway Personal Transporter • Adaptive brain interface technology • Personal awareness assistant (PAA)

20. Coming up • Thursday • Tutorial 8 • Lab 7 due • Tuesday • S&R Chapter 8 • Database design due