Why must the doctor use a stethoscope to detect my heart beats?

1. Why must the doctor use a stethoscope to detect my heart beats? My grandfather had a heart attack yesterday. What is a heart attack?

2. Chapter 21 Blood and Circulation (Transport in Animals) The heart & its blood vessels Lymphatic system

3. 21.1 Structure of Blood A centrifuge separates blood into two components. • Composition of Mammalian Blood

4. Compositionof mammalian blood 1 Plasma (55% by volume) contains water, soluble substances which include: nutrients, e.g. glucose wastes, e.g. carbon dioxide plasma proteins, e.g. fibrinogen hormones, e.g. insulin antibodies for body defence, dissolves gases, e.g. carbon dioxide 2 Cells (45% by volume) which include: red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

5. Composition of the plasma

6. Composition of the plasma

7. Composition of the plasma

8. Composition of the plasma

9. Composition of the plasma

10. Composition of the plasma

11. Composition of the plasma

12. Composition of the plasma

13. Composition of the plasma

14. Composition of the plasma

15. Composition of the plasma

16. Composition of the plasma

17. Composition of the plasma

18. Composition of the plasma

19. Composition of the plasma

20. Composition of the plasma

21. Composition of the plasma

22. Red blood cells White blood cells platelets Cells: 45% of blood

23. Composition of blood

24. What are the different types of blood cells? • RBCs: contain red haemoglobin which enables RBCs to carry oxygen and some carbon dioxide • WBCs: lymphocytes & phagocytes, protect us from diseases • Platelets: broken cell fragments, help in blood clotting Fibrinogen: changes into fibrin to initiate blood blotting

25. A comparison of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets

26. A comparison of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets

27. A comparison of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets

28. A comparison of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets

29. A comparison of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets

30. A comparison of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets

31. A comparison of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets

32. A comparison of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets

33. A comparison of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets

34. A comparison of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets

35. A comparison of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets

36. A comparison of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets

37. A comparison of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets

38. A comparison of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets

39. A comparison of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets

40. A comparison of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets

41. A comparison of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets

42. A comparison of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets

43. A comparison of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets

44. A comparison of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets

45. A comparison of RBCs, WBCs and Platelets

46. 21.1 Functions of Blood A. Transport 1. Oxygen - by RBCs in the form ofoxyhaemoglobin 2. Carbon dioxide - by plasma in the form ofhydrogen carbonate ions 3. Food - carries absorbed food substances such asglucose from the small intestine to various parts of the body

47. 4.Urea- produced in theliver, dissolves in plasma, is carried to the kidney and excreted in theurine 5.Hormones - secreted by endocrine glands into blood for transport 6.Antibodies- carried by blood for body defence 7.Heat- produced duringrespiration in muscles and liver and transported to other parts of the body

48. B. Defence against infection • 1. Phagocytes: engulf and kill pathogens • 2. Lymphocyte: produce antibodies to kill pathogens • 3. Blood clot:prevent excessive bleeding and prevent entry of pothogens C. Regulation of body temperature

49. 20.1.1 Respiratory Pigments • Most vertebrates and many invertebrates have evolved a group ofcoloured proteins(respiratory pigments) capable of loosely combining with oxygen, in order to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. • These pigments with large relative molecular mass are found in theplasmawhile those of smaller relative molecular mass occurwithin cellsto prevent them being lost by ultrafiltration in the kidneys.

50. DISTRIBUTION OF RESPIRATORY PIGMENTS