400 Years of Exploration

1. 400 Years of Exploration European Nations Travel for Riches

2. Land Routes Traveled • Crusades • Influenced kings to trade with East • Muslims • Spread goods and ideas with religion • Marco Polo • Trader family; major trip at 17 y/o • Brought back gold, silk, spices, jewels from Asia • Wrote book about trip – drew curiosity • http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/china/trad/marco.htm#From%20The

3. Spice Trade: Europe & the East • Europe • Lumber, wheat, wool • China • Silk Road • Gold, silk, spices • India • Jewels, spices Italians had control through Constantinople

4. Motivations for Sea Exploration • To gain wealth – for nations (GOLD) • To find fame (Glory) • To spread religion (God) • For adventure/curiosity

5. Competition for Sea Route • Western European Nations look west • Technological Advances • Mapmaking – updated charts of new lands • Navigation Instruments – compass, astrolabe • Ships – stronger, larger for big trips • Cannons – protected ships, traders, and goods

6. Political Changes • Central Governments (monarchies) saw need for new goods to please people of their empires • Political rivalries raced to build Empires in new or inferior lands • Strong monarchies developed interest in funding explorations for glory

7. Economic Change – Commercial Revolution • Standardized money, trade values established, joint stock companies • Mercantilism – theory that world contained only set value; get it while it lasts • Nations had to compete to get value; take from others to gain • Wealth equaled power – gained through Colonization of explored territories • Balance of trade – more out; less in

8. Portugal Leads the Way • Prince Henry the Navigator • Member of Royal Family • Set up Navigation Schools in 1418 • Taught Geography & Navigation • Three Main Goals • Learn more about other lands • Bring Christianity to Africa and Asia • Find Sea Route to Asia around Africa

9. Unspoken Goals of Prince Henry • Take over trade areas from Muslims and take control of African slave trade • Hoped Portugal would grow rich and powerful thru trade • Sent out Explorers to push further and further and advanced mapmaking for newest sea and land routes

10. Around the Cape of Good Hope • Sea of Darkness – Atlantic was hard to travel • Sailors continued down African coast • Stayed close to keep contact with coast • Set up trade with strong African Kingdoms • Dias sailed into storm to blow past southern tip of Africa into Indian Ocean • When navigating back to Atlantic – landed and named “Cape of Good Hope” in 1488

11. Route of Vasco de Gama • Sailed around Cape to India in 1489 • Voyage long and hard • Lost 120 men • Brought back spices and jewels valued at 60 times cost of trip • Portugal had met goal set 60 years before

12. Columbus Reaches America • Looking for shorter route to Asia • Learned navigation in Portugal • Believed Asia could be reached by sailing west • Thought Indies only 3000 miles • Financed by Spain’s Isabella & Ferdinand

13. Columbus’ Sailings • Set sail August 1492 w/ 90 men • Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria • Crew was discouraged – Columbus tricked them to continue • Landed in San Salvador in October • Named for “Holy Savior” • Met Arawaks; bought corn & tobacco • Believed he was in Indies • Sailed 3 more times • Died believing he sailed to Asia; not knowing he “found” America for Europeans

14. America is named • Amerigo Vespucci • Italian explorer sailed after Columbus • Believed was new lands • Named new land Americhland after self • Mapmaker friend put new name on map • AMERICA

15. Voyages Around the World • Balboa • Spanish Explorer, Found Isthmus of Panama and saw Pacific Ocean • Magellan • Portuguese Explorer; sailed from Spain • Sailed to straight at bottom of South America, Straight of Magellan • Named Pacific Ocean El Pacifico (Peaceful) • Sailed to Marianas Islands and to Philippines • Island War in Philippines, Magellan killed • Crew continued to East Indies and traded for spices • Sailed around Africa and home to complete world trip

16. Spanish Empire • Spanish Conquistadors to America • God, Gold, & Glory • More gold and glory than God • Did set up missions with priests in Americas • San … • Recruited Native Americans to teach them Christianity • Created Colonies for Spain • Riches gathered and sent back to Spain • Settled and controlled areas of New Spain (Mexico) and Peru • Pushed out, enslaved, or killed Native populations

17. Spanish Conquistadors & Explorers Cortez • Brought 500 soldiers • Thought to be god by Aztecs due to horses and armor of Spanish • Conquered Aztec Empire • Pizarro • Conquered Incan Empire

18. Continuing Explorers • Ponce de Leon • Looked for Fountain of Youth in Florida area • Hernando de Soto • Looked for 7 Cities of Gold in Southeast • Met Native groups and toured Appalachian Mountains and Mississippi River Valley • Francisco Coronado • Looked for 7 Cities of Gold in Southwest • Met Native groups • Toured Grand Canyon and Southwest • Brought back some gold/jewels, but did not find cities

19. Columbian Exchange • Early trade system from Europe through Africa to Americas • Further developed into Triangular Trade Route

20. Slave Trade • Middle Passage of Triangular Trade Route • Europe brought guns into more powerful African kingdoms to encourage slave trade • Africa traded slaves taken from weaker interior kingdoms along Gold Coast • Americas plantation goods (raw materials, new foods, sugar cane and molasses) brought back to Europe

21. Columbian Exchange Travel the route to discover the goods traded from each region. Answer the questions about each region as you arrive.