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World War Two

World War Two. Who’s Who in WWII?. Grand Alliance Leaders United States – Franklin D. Roosevelt (Truman - end) Great Britain – Neville Chamberlain, Winston Churchill France – Eduard Daldier (PM); Marshal Pétain and Pierre Laval in Vichy France; Charles de Gaulle in GB

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World War Two

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  1. World War Two

  2. Who’s Who in WWII? Grand Alliance Leaders • United States – Franklin D. Roosevelt (Truman - end) • Great Britain – Neville Chamberlain, Winston Churchill • France – Eduard Daldier (PM); Marshal Pétain and Pierre Laval in Vichy France; Charles de Gaulle in GB • Soviet Union – Joseph Stalin Axis Leaders • Italy – Benito Mussolini • Germany – Adolf Hitler • Japan – Emperor Hirohito & Prime Minister Tojo

  3. War in Europe - Alliances • 1939: Non-aggression pact b/w Soviet Union and Germany • 1939: Non-aggression pact b/w Soviet Union and Japan • 1939: Great Britain & Poland w/France • 1940: Italy joins Germany vs. France • 1941: U.S., France, Great Britain, Soviet Union (Grand Alliance) vs. Axis Powers (Ger, It, Jap) • The Soviet Union is invaded, June 1941, changing sides

  4. Technology of Warfare • Maginot Line – Underground fortress • Tanks • Particularly German Panzer and Tiger versions • Blitzkrieg (Tanks + Air Support) • Types of Naval Equipment: • Submarines – continuing to advance • Battleships – increasingly less useful • Destroyers – submarine hunters (Sonar developed) • Aircraft Carriers – essential in the Pacific

  5. Technology of Warfare • Light machine guns • Designed for use by one or two people at most • New styles of aircraft & techniques of attack • German Luftwaffe (air force) • Royal Air Force deals with “the Blitz” in the Battle of Britain (Radar developed) • Mass bombings of military & civilian sites • Atomic bombs • U.S. invented & owned = Nagasaki & Hiroshima

  6. War in Europe • Sept. 1, 1939 Germany invades Poland • Sept. 3 – France & GB declare war • Sept. 28 – Germany and SU divide Poland • Blitzkrieg and Panzer Divisions • April 9, 1940 – Germany attacks Denmark & Norway • End of the “phony war” • May 10 - Germany attacks France, Belgium, & Netherlands – Maginot doesn’t hold up

  7. War in Europe - 1940 • Trapped at Dunkirk • Nazis move through Ardennes forest, split Allied troops • June 5 Germany attacks Southern France • June 10 Italy declares war on France • June 22 France surrenders • 3/5 go to Germany- Nazi-occupied France • 2/5 go to Marshal Henri Petain = Vichy France = authoritarian regime (Nazi puppet government) • Charles de Gaulle in GB

  8. War in Europe - 1940 • May 10, 1940 Winston Churchill elected PM • Aug. 1940 Luftwaffe invades GB • Radar system • Ultra intelligence operation • End of Sept. = Germany lost Battle of Britain • Hitler focuses in Egypt & Suez Canal (think Napoleon) but Italy inept • End of July, 1940 – prepare to invade SU • Hungary, Bulgaria & Romania on board • Yugoslavia & Greece taken in April 1940

  9. War in Europe - 1941 • March 1941 – U.S. Lend-Lease Act • June 22, 1941 - Operation Barbarossa • Launch attack along 1,800 mile front against SU • Took Ukraine, Leningrad • w/in 25 miles of Moscow, early winter, SU resistance = German army halted (1st time in WWII) • Aug. 1941 – Atlantic Charter • U.S. and GB meet to discuss goals for war – Wilson’s 14 Points upheld • Dec. 11 Germany declares war on US after US declares war on Japan • Grand Alliance = unconditional surrender

  10. War in Europe - 1942 • Spring 1942 – Germans capture Crimea • Fall 1942, Afrika Korps under Rommel break British defenses, but by May 1943 Germans and Italians surrender • Nov., 42 – Feb., 43 Battle of Stalingrad • German Sixth Army destroyed • SU can’t be beat – How do they do it? (pg. 793) • July 5-12, 1943 Battle of Kursk : beginning of end of Eastern Front

  11. Battle of Stalingrad

  12. Conference in Tehran • Nov. 1943, Tehran, IRAN • Stalin, Churchill, Roosevelt – what will final phase of WWII look like? • Churchill – move from Africa and Italy to indirectly attack Germany through Balkans • Stalin & Roosevelt – open a second front in France in spring 1944 • North-South divide line through Germany • Eastern Europe to be liberated by SU

  13. War in Europe – 1944-45 • June 6, 1944 Operation Overlord • Battle of Normandy • amphibious assault lead by Dwight D. Eisenhower • the deception of Calais • end Aug. 1944, Liberation of Paris • Dec. 16, 1944 - Battle of the Bulge (German counteroffensive = Allied victory) • March 1945 – Allied forces cross the Rhine • end of April meet Russians at the Elbe

  14. Yalta Conference, Feb. 1945 • Western powers meet in Ukraine • Discuss future of Germany • Stalin unsure of West’s intentions – wants buffer zone btw. SU and West • Roosevelt wants “self-determination” and free elections; asks SU to aid USA against Japan • Stalin agrees – receives warm-water ports, Sakhalin & Kurile Islands; railroad rights in Manchuria • United Nations - meet in San Francisco, April ‘45

  15. The End of WWII in Europe - 1945 • April 28 Mussolini executed • April 30 Hitler commits suicide in Berlin • May 7 German commanders surrender

  16. Potsdam Conference: July, 1945 • FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime Minister during conference. Stalin only original. • The United States has the A-bomb. • Allies agree Germany is to be divided into occupation zones • Truman demands free elections in the East • Stalin = free elections would be “anti-Soviet, and that [he] could not allow.” P.M. Clement President Joseph Atlee Truman Stalin

  17. The Manhattan Project:Los Alamos, NM I am become death, the shatterer of worlds! Major GeneralLesley R. Groves Dr. Robert Oppenheimer

  18. Tinian Island, 1945 Little Boy Fat Man Enola Gay Crew

  19. Hiroshima – August 6, 1945 • 70,000 killed immediately. • 48,000 buildings. destroyed. • 100,000s died of radiation poisoning & cancer later.

  20. Bombing Hiroshima

  21. Nagasaki – August 9, 1945 • 40,000 killed immediately. • 60,000 injured. • 100,000s died ofradiation poisoning& cancer later.

  22. Bombing of Nagasaki

  23. The Cold War begins…

  24. Concentration Camps • Concentration Camps • Different types existed • Political Camps • Labor Camps • Death Camps • Different Victims • Dec. 7, 1941 Night and Fog decree

  25. Night and Fog • SS Reichsführer Himmler issued the following instructions to the Gestapo. "After lengthy consideration, it is the will of the Führer that the measures taken against those who are guilty of offenses against the Reich or against the occupation forces in occupied areas should be altered. The Führer is of the opinion that in such cases penal servitude or even a hard labor sentence for life will be regarded as a sign of weakness. An effective and lasting deterrent can be achieved only by the death penalty or by taking measures which will leave the family and the population uncertain as to the fate of the offender. Deportation to Germany serves this purpose."

  26. “The Final Solution” – Jan 20, 1942 – Wannsee Conference (pg. 330, End of European Era)

  27. Warsaw Ghetto

  28. Auschwitz

  29. Anne Frank: 12 March 1945 at Bergen-Belsen

  30. Mass Grave at Bergen-Belsen

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