A Century of Turmoil

1. A Century of Turmoil ch. 14.4

2. A Church Divided • Pope Boniface VIII tried to assert his authority over kings like previous popes had done. • King Philip IV of France asserted his authority over French Bishops. • Pope Boniface VIII issued a ‘papal bull’ • A papal bull is an official document issued by the pope.

3. “We declare, state, and define that subjection to the Roman Pontiff is absolutely necessary for the salvation of every human creature” Papal Bull Pope Boniface VIII

4. Pope a prisoner • Philip IV refused to follow the new law. • The Pope made preparations to excommunicate Philip IV. • Before the Pope could act on the excommunication, Philip and a few other nobles went to Italy and broke into where the Pope was staying. • Philip and his nobles held the pope prisoner from Sept. 7-Sept. 9.

5. Pope rescued • Pope Boniface was rescued, but he died one month later. • Never again would popes be able to control kings.

6. Philip IV

7. The Great Schism • Philip IV persuaded the College of Cardinals to appoint a French archbishop as the new pope. • They selected Clement V as the new Pope. • Clement V moved from Rome to the city of Avignon, France. • Popes would live in France for the next 67 years.

8. Pope Clement V

10. Church weakens • The move to France greatly weakened the Church. • Pope Gregory XI died while visiting Rome. • The College of Cardinals met in Rome to choose a successor. • A mob rioted outside the doors…”A Roman, a Roman, we want a Roman for a pope, or at least an Italian!”

11. Pope Urban VI was chosen as the new pope. He was arrogant and many cardinals did not like him. Pope Urban VI

12. A group of French cardinals elected another pope a few months later. Robert of Geneva Spoke French Took the name, Clement VII Clement VII

13. Two popes • Now there were two popes. • Each pope declared the other pope to be a fraud and tried to excommunicate each other. • The French pope lived in Avignon, and the Italian pope lived in Rome. • This split in the church is known as the ‘Great Schism’.

14. Council of Constance • In 1414, there were a total of three Popes: The French Pope, The Roman Pope, and another Pope chosen by an earlier council in Pisa. • The Council of Constance had its major task of ending the schism by choosing a new pope.

15. With the help of the Holy Roman Emperor, all three popes were forced to resign. In 1417, the council chose a new pope, Martin V. This Great Schism ended. Martin V

16. Challenged the church authority He preached that Jesus Christ – not the pope- was at the head of the church. The Bible alone – not the pope- was the final authority for a Christian life. John Wycliffe

17. Influenced by Wycliffe. As a professor, he taught that the authority of the Bible was higher than the authority of the pope. He was excommunicated in 1414. He was tried as a heretic and burned at the stake in 1415. Jan Hus

18. The Bubonic Plague Strikes • One third of Europe’s population died from the deadly disease known as the Bubonic Plague.

19. Origins • The plague began in Asia. • Traveled along the trade routes until in 1347, it reached a ship that arrived in Sicily. • The disease swept through Italy. • From there, it followed trade routes to France, Germany, England, and other parts of Europe.

20. Black rats carried fleas from one area to another. Fleas were infested with the disease. Remember, people didn’t bathe and were generally unclean. Almost everyone had fleas and lice. Black Rats

21. Dirty Streets • In addition, Medieval people threw their garbage and sewer into the streets. • These unsanitary conditions became breeding grounds for more rats. • The fleas carried by rats leapt from person to person, thus spreading the bubonic plague with incredible speed.

22. Fleas

23. Black Death • The disease became known as the Black Death. • Purplish or blackish spots all over the skin

24. Terror “This scourge had implanted so great a terror in the hearts of men and women that brothers abandoned brothers, uncles their nephews, sisters their brothers, and in many cases wives deserted their husbands. But even worse,…fathers and mothers refused to nurse and assist their own children.”

27. Jewish Persecution • The epidemic was blamed on the Jews. • They were accused of bringing the disease by poisoning the wells. • All over Europe, Jews were driven from their homes, or sometimes massacred.

28. It took about 4 years for the plague to reach every country in Europe. • 3/4 of those who caught the disease died. • The plague killed 25 million Europeans 4 million in Asia and 35 million in North Africa.

29. Some Anti-Plague Remedies • Breaking up the air with loud noises to dissolve the “static plague vapors.” Bells were rung continually, and cannons and muskets were shut off. • Standing in front of a latrine and inhaling the stench • Washing the body with goat urine. “A wash with urine does more than any other preventive, more particularly when in addition the urine is drunk.”

30. Placing a piece of warm bread on dying person’s mouth in order to absorb the lethal vapors. • Placing a dried toad over a plague boil. They should be laid on the boil, then the toad will swell and draw the poison out of the plague through the skin itself, and when it is full it should be thrown away and a new one applied.”

31. Wearing packets of arsenic in a locket, or writing the word “arsenicum” on a piece of parchment and hanging that around the neck. • Opening the boils and burning them with a hot iron. • Applying the intestines of a young pigeon or a newborn puppy to the forehead.

32. Effects • The plague returned every few years, although it never struck as severely as in the first outbreak. • However, the population was reduced in each attack.

33. Economic Effects • Town populations fell • Trade declined • Prices increased • Workers were scarce • Farmland was abandoned • Serfs left their manors in search of better wages.

34. Manorial System Crumbles • Peasants wanted higher wages, but nobles refused to give them more money. • This caused many peasant revolts in England, France, Italy, and Belgium.

35. Faith Weakens • Many people lost faith in the Church. • People’s prayers failed to stop the Bubonic Plague from devastating families. • Clergy deserted their congregations or charged high fees to perform services for the dying.

36. Attitudes “Happy is he who has no children.” “Eat, drink, and be merry, for tomorrow you may die.”

37. Ring around the rosey,A pocketful of posies.ashes, ashes.We all fall down. Many people connect this nursery rhyme to the Black Death even though there’s no real evidence to support it. l Ring Around the Rosey

38. According to Wikipedia… • A rosy rash was a symptom of the plague, posies or herbs were carried as protection and to ward off the smell of the disease, and 'all fall down' was exactly what happened. The line Ashes, Ashes in alternative versions of the rhyme is claimed to refer variously to cremation of the bodies, the burning of victims' houses, or blackening of their skin.

39. Posies

40. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=grbSQ6O6kbs • http://www.youtube.com/user/historyteachers#p/u/13/rZy6XilXDZQ Black Death

41. Society collapses • Middle Ages’ society was quickly collapsing. • The century of war between England and France was the society’s final death struggle.

42. 100 Years’ War • When the last Capetian king died without a successor, England’s Edward III claimed the right to the French throne. • He was the grandson of Philip IV (of France) • The war continued on and off from 1337-1453 • It became known as Hundred Year’s War. • The French eventually won the war.

43. 3 English Victories • England won three important battles in France. • Crecy • Poitiers • Agincourt

44. Battle of Crecy • French out numbered the English army 3 to 1. • French knights- protected by heavy armor- believed they were invincible and attacked. • The English longbow-men left fly thousands of arrows at the French. They sent volley after volley of deadly arrows. • The knights retreated in panic. Foot soldiers were left to die. 1/3 of the French army was slaughtered.

47. The Longbow • The ‘short bow’ was drawn to the chest. • The ‘long bow’ was taller and drawn to the ear. • The arrows could hit a target of over 300 yards. • They were fatal within 100 yards. • This is what won the battle of Crecy for the English.

48. Battle of Poitiers • The English repeated their victory ten years later. • The knights charged on foot, and the English longbow-men shot arrows at them. • The French knights were helpless. • The French king John and his son Philip were captured and held for ransom.

49. Battle of Agincourt • Again the English were outnumbered. • 6,000 troops against 20-30 Thousand French troops. • Led by King Henry V, the English archers won another victory over the heavily armored French knights. • The English longbow spelled doom for chivalric warfare. • The mounted, heavily armored knight was soon to become extinct.

50. A Treaty • 5 years later the French and English signed a treaty stating that Henry V would become the next king of France after the death of French king Charles VI. • The French lost hope.