Electricity

1. Electricity

2. Electric Charges: the basis of electricity is charge. • The charge on an atom is determined by the subatomic particles that make it up. Proton- has a positive charge and is located in the nucleus. Neutron- has no charge (is neutral) and is also located in the nucleus as it fills in the spaces between the protons. Electron- has a negative charge and is located outside of the nucleus in an electron cloud around the atom.

3. Particle charges: • Electrons and protons have the same magnitude of charge (elementary charge, e). • Electron (-e): -1.60 x 10-19 C • Proton (+e): +1.60 x 10-19 C • This is why electrons are forced to orbit around the nucleus. • Electrostatic Forces hold atoms together. • The Law of Charges- Like charges repel, and unlike charges attract. Because atoms have the same amount of protons and electrons they are electrically neutral. (Nitrogen has an atomic number of 7- 7 protons orbited by 7 electrons).

4. Subatomic Particle Sizes • A proton and neutron have about the same mass- 1.67 x 10-27 kg • An electron has a much smaller mass- 9.11 x 10-31 kg To put this into perspective it’s like comparing the sizes of a penny and large bowling ball. The proton is obviously the bowling ball and the electron is represented by the penny.

5. How do atoms become “charged?” • Atoms become charged when they become more positive or more negative. • How can this happen? Remove or add a proton or an electron. Protons and neutrons are bound together by the Strong Nuclear Force and it is very hard to separate them. Electrons, however, can be more easily removed.

6. Ions An atom with a deficiency of electrons is positively charged. An atom with an excess of electrons is negatively charged. ATOMS DO NOT GAIN OR LOSE PROTONS!!!!

7. Charge is a fundamental quality like mass. • Charge is denoted as q. • Charge has a fundamental unit of a Coulomb (C). • Charges are usually really really small numbers (10-). • So what is 1 C? • An object would have to have 6.25 x 1018 extra electrons to amount to –1 C of charge. • A lightning bolt is estimated to carry a charge of 10 C. • Revisit the charges on an electron and proton.

8. Charges can ONLY be in multiples of e • Remember: • -e = an electron = -1.60 x 10-19 C • +e = a proton = +1.60 x 10-19 C • An object that has a net charge of 8.0 x 10-19 C has a net charge of what multiple of e? Hint: How many electrons would need to be removed to create this charge? The net charge would be +5e, 5 electrons were removed

9. Multiples of Charges Chart

10. Electrostatic Force • This is a non-contact force (like the gravitational force except instead of two masses exerting force on each other the two objects charges exert a force of repulsion or attraction). • ANY charged object can exert the electrostatic force upon other objects- both charged and uncharged objects.

11. Coulomb’s Law- formula for electrostatic force Again this is similar to the gravitational force… Fg = GmM r2 Fe = kq1q2 r2 charge (q) is now responsible for the force Just like G was a constant so is k. k is the electrostatic constant and = 8.99 x 109 N•m2/C2

12. Remember this…the relationship between the gravitational force and the distance from the object…this is the inverse square law 1x 2x 3x 4x 9.81 m/s2 1/4 = 2.24 1/9 = 1.09 1/16 = .61 Fg = GmM r2 Fg r2

13. Fe = kq1q2 r2 Fe r2

14. Try this… The distance between a proton and an electron in a hydrogen atom is 5.3 x 10-11 m. Find both the gravitational force and the electrostatic force between the two particles.

15. ANY charged object, whether positively charged or negatively charged, will have an ATTRACTIVE interaction with a neutral object. + - - A balloon when rubbed on your head becomes charged by picking up extra electrons from your hair. That same balloon, because it is charged, will attract a neutral object like pieces of paper.

16. So we are able to predict the charge on objects based on their interaction with other objects. They can either both be positive or both be negative. They can have opposite charges or one object is charged and the other is neutral.

17. Try this… • On two occasions, the following charge interactions between balloons A, B and C are observed. In each case, it is known that balloon B is charged negatively. Based on these observations, what can you conclude about the charge on balloon A and C for each situation. positive or neutral negative positive (if it was neutral it wouldn’t repel C) positive

18. Why does the balloon stick to the wall? • When a balloon is rubbed with a piece of cloth electrons are transferred between the two objects. Usually the balloon attracts extra electrons and then receives an overall negative charge. balloons static

19. When the balloon is placed against the wall the excess electrons will repel the electrons in the wall and be attracted to the positive charges.

20. What happens to your hair when you rub a balloon on your head? • The balloon, after being rubbed and then pulled away, removes some of the electrons in your hair which give each strand a positive charge. Like charges want to repel and each strand is repelling from the others and “sticking up.”

21. Getting Shocked • As you walk across a carpet, electrons are transferred from the rug to you. • Now you have extra electrons. • Touch a door knob (conductor) and ZAP! • The electrons move from you to the knob.

22. Lightning • Lightning is a REALLY big shock. • Positive charges tend to go up, negative charges tend to go down. • When the attraction reaches a critical level you get a lightning bolt.

23. Objects that tend to give up electrons and become positive: • Glass • Nylon • Fur • Hair • Wool

24. Objects that tend to attract electrons and become negative: • Rubber • Polyester • Styrofoam • Saran Wrap • PVC

25. Insulators and Conductors • Different materials hold electrons differently. • Insulators don’t let electrons move around within the material freely. • Ex. Cloth, Plastic, Glass, Dry Air, Wood, Rubber • Conductors do let electrons move around within the material freely. • Ex. Metals- Silver, Copper, Aluminum

26. Try this… • A charged plastic rod is brought close a neutral metal sphere. How would the distribution of charges be in the metal sphere?

27. Try this… • Which of the diagrams below best represents the charge distribution on a metal sphere when a positively charged plastic tube is placed nearby?

28. Law of Conservation of Charge • Charges within a closed system may be transferred from one object to another, but charge is neither created nor destroyed.

29. S T R -8e +6e The diagram below shows the initial charges and positions of three metal spheres, R, S, and T, on insulating stands. 0e Note that the net charge of the system is -2e. Sphere R is brought into contact with sphere S and then removed. Then sphere S is brought into contact with sphere T and removed. What is the charge on sphere T after this procedure is completed?

30. When the spheres come in contact the charge will be distributed evenly between both spheres. R S T 0e -8e +6e -4e -4e

31. R S T -4e 0e -8e +e -4e +6e +e +2e = 2 +e -4e + 6e = 2

32. Note that the charge of the system is conserved- the initial charge is the same as the final charge. S T R +e +e -4e -4e + e + e = -2e

33. Electroscopes- instruments used to detect charge The yellow arms or leaves on both instruments will move to show the charge.

34. Charged Electroscope Uncharged Electroscope Excess of the same charge in both leaves causes them to diverge/repel, Leaves are neutral so they are not diverging/repelling or converging/attracting. +- + +- +- + +- + +- +- +- +- + +- +-

35. Steps in charging an electroscope by INDUCTION: 1. Uncharged electroscope: +- +- +- Leaves are just hanging straight down. Net charge is zero. +- +- +- +- +- +-

36. 2. A negatively charged rod is brought near the electroscope: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + - - - - Net charge is zero +- +- +- +- +- +-

37. 3. Electrons move to the leaves: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + - - - - Net charge is still zero +- +- +- -+ -+ -+

38. 4. Leaves diverge: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + Net charge of zero +- -+- -+- -+ -+- -+- +- -+- -+- -+ -+- -+-

39. 5. The electroscope is grounded: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + Grounding is the process of removing the excess charge on an object by means of the transfer of electrons between it and another object of substantial size. +- -+- -+- -+ -+- -+-

40. 6. Electrons go to the ground: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + - - - +- +- +- -+ -+ -+ - Net charge is now positive

41. 7. Leaves converge and ground is removed: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + +- +- +- -+ -+ -+ +- +- +- -+ -+ -+

42. 8. Negatively charged rod is removed: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + +- +- +- -+ -+ -+

43. 9. Electrons redistribute throughout the electroscope and move up toward the top: + + + + - - + +- +- + -+ -+

44. 10. Leaves now have the same charge and diverge: - - + + + + + +- +- + -+ -+ + +- +- + -+ -+

45. Electric fields are similar to gravitational fields. The only difference is that two objects with mass will always attract each other. Charges can either repel or attract when held some distance apart. Electric Fields Here are the gravitational field lines around the Earth. Notice how they point toward the center and are perpendicular at the surface of the Earth.

46. A charged object creates an electric field - an alteration of the space in the region which surrounds it. Other charges in that field would feel the unusual alteration of the space. Charges produce similar fields… - +

47. Electric field between two opposite charges…

48. Electric field between two like charges…

49. 5 Rules for Electric Fields: 1. Electric field lines always go from positive to negative. This is the path that a positive “test charge” would follow.

50. 5 Rules for Electric Fields: 2. Electric field lines always enter and leave the charge perpendicularly.