Restructuring the Postwar World , 1945–present

1. CHAPTER 33 QUIT Restructuring the Postwar World, 1945–present Chapter Overview Time Line Two Superpowers Face Off 1 SECTION MAP Communists Triumph in China 2 SECTION War in Korea and Vietnam 3 SECTION Cold War Around the World 4 SECTION GRAPH The Cold War Thaws 5 SECTION Visual Summary

2. CHAPTER 33 Chapter Overview HOME Restructuring the Postwar World, 1945–present After World War II, the Soviet Union and the United States emerge as rivals. This rivalry is mainly diplomatic and strategic, but also leads both to become involved in military actions around the world. The rivalry dominates world politics for four decades.

3. CHAPTER 33 2002 1945 HOME Restructuring the Postwar World, 1945–present Time Line 1945United Nations formed. 1957Soviets launch Sputnik. 1975Vietnam War ends. 1997South Korea aids North Korea, but the two remain divided. 1949Communists take control of China. 1959Cuban Revolution overthrows Batista regime. 1979Nicaraguan Communists topple U.S.-backed dictatorship.

4. 1 HOME Two Superpowers Face Off MAP Key Idea The Soviet Union builds a buffer zone in Eastern Europe, and the United States aids its Western European allies as it struggles to block Communist expansion. Overview Assessment

5. 1 TERMS & NAMES MAIN IDEA HOME Two Superpowers Face Off MAP Overview •United Nations •iron curtain •containment •Truman Doctrine •Marshall Plan •Cold War •NATO •Warsaw Pact •brinkmanship •U-2 incident WHY IT MATTERS NOW The conflicting aims between the United States and the Soviet Union led to global competition. The conflicts between these two superpowers played a major role in reshaping the modern world. Assessment

6. 1 1 Section Assessment Cold War HOME Two Superpowers Face Off MAP 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the causes of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. Conflicting aims in Europe Soviet defiance of Yalta agreement Desire for world domination Berlin blockade Incompatible political and economic philosophies continued . . .

7. 1 HOME Two Superpowers Face Off MAP 1 Section Assessment 2. What were Stalin’s objectives in supporting Communist governments in Eastern Europe? THINK ABOUT •the effects of World War II •the location of the Soviet Union •U.S. aims in Europe ANSWER •To protect borders •To counteract U.S. influence in Europe •To have access to raw materials to help rebuild war-ravaged country •To keep Germany from rebuilding and attacking Russia again Possible Responses: End of Section 1

8. 2 HOME Communists Triumph in China Key Idea China splits into two nations—one Communist and one Nationalist. Mao Zedong expands the Communist state and launches ambitious, but often disastrous, programs to transform its society. Overview Assessment

9. 2 TERMS & NAMES MAIN IDEA HOME Communists Triumph in China Overview •Mao Zedong •Jiang Jieshi •commune •Red Guards •Cultural Revolution WHY IT MATTERS NOW After World War II, Chinese Communists defeated Nationalist forces and two separate Chinas emerged. China remains a Communist country and a major player on the world stage. Assessment

10. 2 2 Section Assessment Aspect of Life Reform Agriculture Industry Family HOME Communists Triumph in China 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Summarize the reforms Mao Zedong proposed for China. Divided land among peasants Established collective farms Established communes Nationalized private companies Set high production goals Supported women workers Sponsored childcare continued . . .

11. 2 HOME Communists Triumph in China 2 Section Assessment 2. What policies or actions enabled the Communists to defeat the Nationalists in their long civil war? THINK ABOUT •the goals of each group •the leaders of the Communists and the Nationalists •foreign support ANSWER •Won peasants’ loyalty •Trained troops in guerilla techniques •Promised land reform Possible Responses: continued . . .

12. 2 HOME Communists Triumph in China 2 Section Assessment 3. What circumstances prevented Mao’s Great Leap Forward from bringing economic prosperity to China? THINK ABOUT •Mao’s strict socialism •life in a commune •environmental problems ANSWER Lack of privacy and personal life in the communes, lack of incentives for working hard, poor planning, crop failure Possible Responses: End of Section 2

13. 3 HOME War in Korea and Vietnam Key Idea The United States fights bloody wars to prevent Communist takeovers in Korea and Vietnam. Korea remains split into Communist and non-Communist nations, and Vietnam becomes Communist. Overview Assessment

14. 3 TERMS & NAMES MAIN IDEA HOME War in Korea and Vietnam Overview •38th parallel •Douglas MacArthur •Ho Chi Minh •domino theory •Ngo Dinh Diem •Vietcong •Vietnamization •Khmer Rouge WHY IT MATTERS NOW In Asia, the Cold War flared into actual wars supported mainly by the superpowers. Today, Vietnam is a Communist country and Korea is split into Communist and non-Communist nations. Assessment

15. 3 Korean War Vietnam War American and Soviet involvement stemmed from Cold War. Land was destroyed. Millions of people died. HOME War in Korea and Vietnam 3 Section Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Compare and contrast the causes and effects of the wars in Vietnam and Korea. Both Soviet-supported North Vietnamese won. Neither side gained an advantage. continued . . .

16. 3 HOME War in Korea and Vietnam 3 Section Assessment 2. Do you think U.S. involvement in Vietnam was justified? Why or why not? THINK ABOUT •the U.S. policy of containment •the domino theory •U.S. public opinion ANSWER Not justified—It was a civil war that did not involve the United States; war is not justified under any circumstances. Justified—It was the responsibility of a nation founded on democratic ideals to support democracy in other countries, especially those in danger of becoming Communist. Possible Responses: End of Section 3

17. 4 HOME Cold War Around the World GRAPH Key Idea The United States and the Soviet Union compete for influence throughout the developing world by supporting rival factions in Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Overview Assessment

18. 4 TERMS & NAMES MAIN IDEA HOME Cold War Around the World GRAPH Overview •Third World •nonaligned nations •Fidel Castro •Anastasio Somoza •Daniel Ortega •Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi •Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini WHY IT MATTERS NOW The Cold War superpowers supported opposing sides in Latin American and Middle Eastern conflicts. Many of these areas today are still troubled by political, economic, and military conflict and crisis. Assessment

19. 4 Castro leads revolution against Batista. HOME Cold War Around the World GRAPH 4 Section Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the main events of U.S. involvement in Cuba. Castro nationalizes U.S.-owned sugar mills. Eisenhower orders embargo on trade. Castro turns to Soviets for aid. Bay of Pigs invasion Cuban missile crisis continued . . .

20. 4 HOME Cold War Around the World GRAPH 4 Section Assessment 2. What similarities do you see among U.S. actions in Nicaragua, Cuba, and Iran? THINK ABOUT •the type of leader the United States supported in each country •U.S. interests in these countries ANSWER The United States supported dictatorial leaders who were overthrown by popular uprisings. It intervened in all three countries to protect its own interests—a takeover by Communist Sandinistas in Nicaragua and by Castro in Cuba, and loss of vital oil supplies from Iran. Possible Response: continued . . .

21. 4 HOME Cold War Around the World GRAPH 4 Section Assessment 3. Today, Cuba suffers a severe shortage of vital supplies, largely due to the U.S. trade embargo that has lasted for almost 40 years. Do you think the United States should lift that embargo? Why or why not?THINK ABOUT •Castro’s leadership •prior U.S. conflicts with Cuba •human suffering ANSWER Lift embargo—Cuba is no longer receiving aid from the Soviets; all Cubans—not only those who agree with Castro—are suffering. Retain embargo—Castro is still a threat to U.S. security; eventually embargo may cause the fall of the Communist regime. Possible Responses: End of Section 4

22. 5 HOME The Cold War Thaws Key Idea The Cold War begins to thaw as Khrushchev denounces Stalinism, and U.S. leaders adopt a foreign policy of lessened tensions. Overview Assessment

23. 5 TERMS & NAMES MAIN IDEA HOME The Cold War Thaws Overview •Nikita Khrushchev •destalinization •Leonid Brezhnev •John F. Kennedy •Lyndon Johnson •détente •Richard M. Nixon •SALT •Ronald Reagan •Star Wars WHY IT MATTERS NOW The Cold War began to thaw as the superpowers entered an era of uneasy diplomacy. The United States and the countries of the former Soviet Union continue to cooperate and maintain a cautious peace. Assessment

24. 5 Tensions Increased Tensions Decreased HOME The Cold War Thaws 5 Section Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Indicate each U.S. president’s contribution to Cold War tensions. Eisenhower Kennedy Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan continued . . .

25. 5 HOME The Cold War Thaws 5 Section Assessment 2. Do you think it was a wise political move for Nixon to visit Communist China and the Soviet Union? Why or why not?THINK ABOUT •the Cuban missile crisis •realpolitik •public sentiment after the Vietnam War ANSWER Wise—Nuclear war threatened the world and any efforts made to weaken the threat were good; Communist China was becoming a power that could not be ignored. Unwise—By meeting with officials in China and the Soviet Union, Nixon was condoning communism and undermining efforts to contain it. Possible Responses: End of Section 5