Virtual Memory: Systems

1. Virtual Memory: Systems

2. Virtual Memory: Systems • Virtual memory questions and answers • Simple memory system example • Case study: Core i7/Linux memory system

3. Virtual memory reminder/review • Programmer’s view of virtual memory • Each process has its own private linear address space • Cannot be corrupted by other processes • System view of virtual memory • Uses memory efficiently by caching virtual memory pages • Efficient only because of locality • Simplifies memory management and programming • Simplifies protection by providing a convenient interpositioning point to check permissions

4. Recall: Address Translation With a Page Table Virtual address n-1 p p-1 0 • Page table base register • (PTBR) Virtual page number (VPN) Virtual page offset (VPO) Page table Page table address for process Valid Physical page number (PPN) Valid bit = 0: page not in memory (page fault) m-1 p p-1 0 • Physical page number (PPN) Physical page offset (PPO) Physical address

5. Recall: Address Translation: Page Hit 1) Processor sends virtual address to MMU 2-3) MMU fetches PTE from page table in memory 4) MMU sends physical address to cache/memory 5) Cache/memory sends data word to processor 2 Cache/ Memory CPU Chip PTEA MMU 1 PTE VA CPU 3 PA 4 Data 5

6. Question #1 • Are the PTEs cached like other memory accesses? • Yes (and no: see next question)

7. Page tables in memory, like other data PTE CPU Chip PTE PTEA hit MMU Memory PTEA PTEA miss PTEA CPU VA PA PA PA miss Data PA hit L1 cache Data VA: virtual address, PA: physical address, PTE: page table entry, PTEA = PTE address

8. Question #2 • Isn’t it slow to have to go to memory twice every time? • Yes, it would be… so, real MMUs don’t

9. Speeding up Translation with a TLB • Page table entries (PTEs) are cached in L1 like any other memory word • PTEs may be evicted by other data references • PTE hit still requires a small L1 delay • Solution: Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB) • Small, dedicated, super-fast hardware cache of PTEsin MMU • Contains complete page table entries for small number of pages

10. TLB Hit CPU Chip TLB PTE 2 3 VPN Cache/ Memory MMU 1 PA VA CPU 4 Data 5 A TLB hit eliminates a memory access

11. TLB Miss CPU Chip TLB 4 PTE 2 VPN Cache/ Memory MMU 1 3 VA CPU PTEA PA 5 Data 6 A TLB miss incurs an additional memory access (the PTE)Fortunately, TLB misses are rare. Why?

12. Question #3 • Isn’t the page table huge? How can it be stored in RAM? • Yes, it would be… so, real page tables aren’t simple arrays

13. Multi-Level Page Tables Level 2 Tables • Suppose: • 4KB (212) page size, 64-bit address space, 8-byte PTE • Problem: • Would need a 32,000 TB page table! • 264 * 2-12 * 23 = 255 bytes • Common solution: • Multi-level page tables • Example: 2-level page table • Level 1 table: each PTE points to a page table (always memory resident) • Level 2 table: each PTE points to a page (paged in and out like any other data) Level 1 Table ... ...

14. A Two-Level Page Table Hierarchy Level 1 page table Virtual memory Level 2 page tables 0 VP 0 ... PTE 0 PTE 0 VP 1023 2K allocated VM pages for code and data ... PTE 1 VP 1024 PTE 1023 PTE 2 (null) ... PTE 3 (null) VP 2047 PTE 4 (null) PTE 0 Gap PTE 5 (null) ... PTE 6 (null) PTE 1023 6K unallocated VM pages PTE 7 (null) PTE 8 1023 null PTEs (1K - 9) null PTEs PTE 1023 1023 unallocated pages 1023 unallocated pages 1 allocated VM page for the stack VP 9215 32 bit addresses, 4KB pages, 4-byte PTEs ...

15. Translating with a k-level Page Table VIRTUAL ADDRESS n-1 p-1 0 VPN 1 VPN 2 ... VPN k VPO Level k page table Level 2 page table Level 1 page table ... ... PPN m-1 p-1 0 PPN PPO PHYSICAL ADDRESS

16. Virtual Memory: Systems • Virtual memory questions and answers • Simple memory system example • Case study: Core i7/Linux memory system

17. Review of Symbols • Basic Parameters • N = 2n : Number of addresses in virtual address space • M = 2m : Number of addresses in physical address space • P = 2p : Page size (bytes) • Components of the virtual address (VA) • VPO: Virtual page offset • VPN: Virtual page number • TLBI: TLB index • TLBT: TLB tag • Components of the physical address (PA) • PPO: Physical page offset (same as VPO) • PPN: Physical page number • CO: Byte offset within cache line • CI: Cache index • CT: Cache tag

18. VPN VPO PPN PPO Simple Memory System Example • Addressing • 14-bit virtual addresses • 12-bit physical address • Page size = 64 bytes 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Virtual Page Offset Virtual Page Number 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Physical Page Number Physical Page Offset

19. Simple Memory System Page Table Only show first 16 entries (out of 256) VPN PPN Valid VPN PPN Valid 00 28 1 08 13 1 01 – 0 09 17 1 02 33 1 0A 09 1 03 02 1 0B – 0 04 – 0 0C – 0 05 16 1 0D 2D 1 06 – 0 0E 11 1 07 – 0 0F 0D 1

20. TLBT TLBI VPN VPO Simple Memory System TLB • 16 entries • 4-way associative 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Set Tag PPN Valid Tag PPN Valid Tag PPN Valid Tag PPN Valid 0 03 – 0 09 0D 1 00 – 0 07 02 1 1 03 2D 1 02 – 0 04 – 0 0A – 0 2 02 – 0 08 – 0 06 – 0 03 – 0 3 07 – 0 03 0D 1 0A 34 1 02 – 0

21. CI CT CO PPN PPO Simple Memory System Cache • 16 lines, 4-byte block size • Physically addressed • Direct mapped 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Idx Tag Valid B0 B1 B2 B3 Idx Tag Valid B0 B1 B2 B3 0 19 1 99 11 23 11 8 24 1 3A 00 51 89 1 15 0 – – – – 9 2D 0 – – – – 2 1B 1 00 02 04 08 A 2D 1 93 15 DA 3B 3 36 0 – – – – B 0B 0 – – – – 4 32 1 43 6D 8F 09 C 12 0 – – – – 5 0D 1 36 72 F0 1D D 16 1 04 96 34 15 6 31 0 – – – – E 13 1 83 77 1B D3 7 16 1 11 C2 DF 03 F 14 0 – – – –

22. VPN VPO CI CT CO 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 PPN PPO Address Translation Example #1 Virtual Address: 0x03D4 VPN ___ TLBI ___ TLBT ____ TLB Hit? __ Page Fault? __ PPN: ____ Physical Address CO ___ CI___ CT ____ Hit? __ Byte: ____ TLBT TLBI 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 Y 0x0F 0x3 0x03 N 0x0D 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 0x5 0x0D Y 0x36

23. VPN VPO CI CT CO PPN PPO Address Translation Example #2 Virtual Address: 0x0B8F VPN ___ TLBI ___ TLBT ____ TLB Hit? __ Page Fault? __ PPN: ____ Physical Address CO ___ CI___ CT ____ Hit? __ Byte: ____ TLBT TLBI 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 N 0x2E 2 0x0B Y TBD 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

24. VPN VPO CI CT CO 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 PPN PPO Address Translation Example #3 Virtual Address: 0x0020 VPN ___ TLBI ___ TLBT ____ TLB Hit? __ Page Fault? __ PPN: ____ Physical Address CO___ CI___ CT ____ Hit? __ Byte: ____ TLBT TLBI 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N 0x00 0 0x00 N 0x28 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 0x8 0x28 N Mem

25. Virtual Memory: Systems • Virtual memory questions and answers • Simple memory system example • Case study: Core i7/Linux memory system

26. Intel Core i7 Memory System Processor package Core x4 Registers Instruction fetch MMU (addr translation) L1 d-cache 32 KB, 8-way L1 d-TLB 64 entries, 4-way L1 i-TLB 128 entries, 4-way L1 i-cache 32 KB, 8-way L2 unified cache 256 KB, 8-way L2 unified TLB 512 entries, 4-way To other cores QuickPath interconnect 4 links @ 25.6 GB/s each To I/O bridge L3 unified cache 8 MB, 16-way (shared by all cores) DDR3 Memory controller 3 x 64 bit @ 10.66 GB/s 32 GB/s total (shared by all cores) Main memory

27. Review of Symbols • Basic Parameters • N = 2n : Number of addresses in virtual address space • M = 2m : Number of addresses in physical address space • P = 2p : Page size (bytes) • Components of the virtual address (VA) • TLBI: TLB index • TLBT: TLB tag • VPO: Virtual page offset • VPN: Virtual page number • Components of the physical address (PA) • PPO: Physical page offset (same as VPO) • PPN: Physical page number • CO: Byte offset within cache line • CI: Cache index • CT: Cache tag

28. End-to-end Core i7 Address Translation CPU 32/64 L2, L3, and main memory Result Virtual address (VA) 36 12 VPN VPO L1 miss L1 hit 32 4 TLBT TLBI L1 d-cache (64 sets, 8 lines/set) TLB hit TLB miss ... ... L1 TLB (16 sets, 4 entries/set) 9 9 9 9 40 12 40 6 6 VPN1 VPN2 VPN3 VPN4 CT CI CO PPN PPO Physical address (PA) CR3 PTE PTE PTE PTE Page tables

29. Core i7 Page Table Translation 9 9 9 9 12 Virtual address VPN 1 VPN 2 VPN 3 VPN 4 VPO L1 PT Page global directory L2 PT Page upper directory L3 PT Page middle directory L4 PT Page table 40 40 40 40 / / CR3 / / Physical address of L1 PT Offset into physical and virtual page / 12 L4 PTE L1 PTE L2 PTE L3 PTE Physical address of page 512 GB region per entry 1 GB region per entry 2 MB region per entry 4 KB region per entry 40 / 40 12 Physical address PPN PPO

30. Cute Trick for Speeding Up L1 Access CT Tag Check • Observation • Bits that determine CI identical in virtual and physical address • Can index into cache while address translation taking place • Generally we hit in TLB, so PPN bits (CT bits) available next • “Virtually indexed, physically tagged” • Cache carefully sized to make this possible 36 6 6 Physical address (PA) CT CI CO PPN PPO No Change Address Translation Virtual address (VA) CI L1 Cache VPN VPO 36 12

31. Summary • Memory hierarchies are an optimization resulting from a perfect match between memory technology and two types of program locality • Temporal locality • Spatial locality • The goal is to provide a “virtual” memory technology (an illusion) that has an access time of the highest-level memory with the size and cost of the lowest-level memory • Cache memory and virtual memory are instances of a memory hierarchy

32. A Common Framework for Memory Hierarchies • Question 1: Where can a Block be Placed? One place (direct-mapped), a few places (set associative), or any place (fully associative) • Question 2: How is a Block Found? Indexing (direct-mapped), limited search (set associative), full search (fully associative) • Question 3: Which Block is Replaced on a Miss? Typically LRU or random • Question 4: How are Writes Handled? Write-through or write-back